<p>St. Joseph Shrine , founded in 1855, is a historic German Catholic church located at 1828 Jay Street in the Eastern Market–Lafayette Park neighborhood area just outside downtown Detroit, Michigan, on the citys central east side. The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1972, and deemed "of national importance" because of its stained glass. Three subsidiary buildings—the rectory, convent, and the Wermers House—were added to the listing in 1992. It is under the jurisdiction of the Archdiocese of Detroit, and presently a shrine dedicated to the celebration of the pre-Vatican II liturgy  under the care of the canons of the Institute of Christ the King Sovereign Priest.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The Gothic structure of the church, inspired by Himplers church St. Katharina (1860-1863) in Wallerfangen (Saarland), had its cornerstone laid in 1870 and was dedicated in 1873, making it one of the oldest extant churches in Detroit. Francis G. Himpler, an Ottweiler (Germany)-born New York architect, designed the building which is considered one of the Midwests best examples of Victorian Gothic architecture, especially so because the structure is effectively unaltered. The building is distinguished by its stained glass, notable in its intricate designs and wide usage. Also of note is the woodwork, statuary, and original high altar in the interior. St. Joseph Church was placed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1972; the buildings in the surrounding complex were added in 1992.</p><br>
<h2>Traditional worship</h2><br>
<p>In its time as a parish church, St. Joseph continued traditional worship throughout its history, maintaining the Latin language, alongside vernacular German and English, in its Novus Ordo Masses after the Second Vatican Council. Many Masses were celebrated ad orientem, with a free-standing altar available for priests who preferred it. In Fall 2007, after a 37-year absence, the parish reinstated the Latin Tridentine Mass, which was widely replaced when Pope Paul VI promulgated the Novus Ordo Mass in 1969.</p><br>
<p>The parish is known for its musical heritage, offering orchestral Masses composed by the likes of Haydn, Mozart, Schubert, and lesser known composers on certain Sundays and Holy Days, and maintaining traditional choir and organ music. The St. Joseph tracker organ is a powerful instrument in a fine acoustical space. Originally built by J. H. & C. S. Odell for the present Church structure in 1873, the organ was greatly altered about 1910 and again in the early 1940s. Having declined into unplayability, it was replaced for the celebration of the church building&#39;s centennial in 1973 by the organ builder William M. Worden, using many of the Odell pipes. It currently contains twenty-nine stops.</p><br>
<h2>Current status</h2><br>
<p>On June 19, 2013, by a decree from Allen H. Vigneron, Archbishop of Detroit, the clustered parishes of St. Joseph, Sweetest Heart of Mary and St. Josaphat were merged to create the new Mother of Divine Mercy Parish.</p><br>
<p>On August 29, 2016, Archbishop Vigneron announced that effective October 2016, St. Joseph Church would be separated from Mother of Divine Mercy Parish to become St. Joseph Oratory under the care of the Institute of Christ the King Sovereign Priest and would be dedicated to the celebration of the traditional Latin Mass. The first Mass under the watch of the canons of the Institute was celebrated on October 16, 2016. The Reverend Canon Jean-Baptiste Commins currently serves as rector of the shrine. Previously on the verge of closing, after the Institute of Christ the King priests arrived, the parish has seen large growth, especially amongst young people and young families. In March 2020, Archbishop Vigneron granted the church the title of "shrine".</p><br>
<p>The church was featured in a 2022 article by The New York Times about the Latin Mass in the United States following Traditionis custodes, an apostolic letter issued by Pope Francis limiting the use of the traditional Latin Mass.</p><br>
<p>Bruynswick School No. 8 is a former school located on Bruynswick Road  in the small hamlet of the same name in the northwestern portion of Shawangunk, New York, United States. It is one of the few remainders of a time when Bruynswick was more populous.</p><br>
<p>The building is on a small lot next to the Shawangunk Valley firehouse on the west side of the road, just south of the Gardiner town line. The Shawangunk Ridge dominates the view to the west across mostly open rural land. It is a frame one-room schoolhouse, three bays by three and one story in height. It sits on a stone foundation with a gabled roof shingled in asphalt.</p><br>
<p>The front facade faces east and features a centrally located entrance amid simple wooden surrounds and a lunette in the gable apex. The windows on either side have louvered shutters. A wood plaque above the door has "District No. 8" painted on it. Both north and south profiles have two similarly shuttered windows; with an additional, smaller third on the south with an awning. The rear is blank with the exception of a small shed addition.</p><br>
<p>Inside, much of the original floor plan and finishes remain. A bedroom has been created in the southeast corner, and a second-story loft added. The shed serves as a bathroom and utility room. A garage and privy are also located on the property; these are of modern construction and not considered contributing resources.</p><br>
<p>The schoolhouse was built in 1840 to replace an older school a quarter-mile (400 m) to the south. It continued to be used as a school until 1943, when the Wallkill Central School District was created. Some modifications, such as the front lunette, were made in the 1950s to convert it into a private home. In 2000 it was added to the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>The Berry Mansion was built in Frankfort, Kentucky, in 1900 by George Franklin Berry. It is located on a hill just west of downtown that overlooks the state capitol building.</p><br>
<p>The 200 acre estate surrounding the home was named "Juniper Hill" after the red cedar trees (Juniperus virginiana) located on the property.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>This estate has had several names over the years. The earliest was Monroe Hill, after Thomas Bell Monroe (1791–1865) who served in the following offices: Kentucky House of Representatives, Kentucky Secretary of State, USA District Attorney, and USA District Judge. Before the Civil War, he built the first large house on this site, Montrose.</p><br>
<p>The property became a campground for Union Army soldiers during the Civil War. In 1863, a detachment of Confederate cavalrymen attacked an encampment of sick Union soldiers here. Union cavalry troopers coming into Frankfort from Louisville arrived in time to rescue their beleaguered comrades. Later the property was owned by a gentleman known as "Preacher Arnold." It was from Preacher Arnold that George Franklin Berry and his wife Mary Stone Bush Berry purchased the property in 1899. Along the drive to the main house is a watering "trough" that bears the initials "GFB 1899," noting the Berrys arrival and ownership of the estate.</p><br>
<p>They called the 200 acre estate Juniper Hill because of the many red cedar trees – Juniperus Virginiana – that grew here. Mr. Berry was a prosperous executive in the Frankfort whisky distilling industry with W.A. Gaines & Company, makers of Old Crow and Hermitage bourbons. The Berrys chose the Louisville architect William J. Dodd to design their new home. The house is representative of the grand homes built by wealthy Kentuckians in that era – extravagant but grounded in traditional architectural and decorative styles. The twenty-two-room mansion is built with stone quarried on the site. The basement was blasted from solid rock.</p><br>
<p>The architect, William J. Dodd (1862–1930) studied architecture in Chicago and worked in Louisville between 1884 and 1913. Dodd held apprenticeships with various prominent architectural firms, including McKim, Meade, and White – a premiere Beaux Arts architectural firm, and notable Chicago architect William Le Baron Jenney. While in partnership with Mason Maury, they designed the Kentucky Building for the 1893 Columbian Exposition in Chicago.</p><br>
<p>Dodd&#39;s work was not limited to just buildings; he designed furnishings and other decorative arts for some of his works of architecture. In the early 20th century Dodd was commissioned by Gates Pottery to design vases and other pots for the TECO line along with other famous architects Frank Lloyd Wright, Louis H. Sullivan, and Fernand Moreau. These pieces designed by Dodd and the TECO line are highly prized by collectors of early 20th century decorative arts.</p><br>
<p>Mr. and Mrs. Berry were married in 1878. Mrs. Berry was Mary Stone Bush (1859–1950), daughter of Samuel Stone Bush and Cornelia Wheat Bush of Louisville, and a granddaughter of Judge Zachariah Wheat, a prominent judge in Kentucky. Mr. Bush was an attorney and Mrs. Cornelia Wheat Bush was the first woman to serve as State Librarian in Kentucky, from 1878 to 1880.</p><br>
<p>Mr. Berry (1856–1938) was the son of Hiram Berry and Eleanor Berry. Hiram Berry and his wife and children moved to Frankfort while George Franklin Berry was an infant. Hiram Berry partnered with W.A. Gaines and E.H. Taylor to form W.A. Gaines and Company, which was known for distilling Old Crow bourbon. George F. Berry followed his father into the distilling industry.</p><br>
<p>Mr. Berry retired and sold his interests in the bourbon industry in 1927. He died in this house in 1938. His wife, Mary Bush Berry, lived here until 1950. At age 90, she declared she had lived long enough, withdrew to her upstairs bedroom, and died three weeks later. Both are buried at the Frankfort Cemetery in a plot purchased at the time of Mrs. Bush&#39;s death in 1916.</p><br>
<p>Paul Sawyier, an American impressionist painter, was commissioned by the Berry family to paint scenes the house and surrounding property. He completed 11 paintings of the estate, 6 of which were retained by the family until one was sold to the Kentucky Division of Historic Properties in 2005.</p><br>
<p>Berry, a bourbon whiskey executive at W.A. Gaines and Company, and his wife both died in the house, in 1938 and 1950 respectively. Their niece, Cornelia Gordon Roberts, inherited the estate until the city of Frankfort acquired it in 1953. The Commonwealth of Kentucky purchased the property in 1957 for a mere $50,000. This included the mansion, carriage house, wash house and approximately 38 acre. The mansion was used as the State Library until 1982, when the State Libraries and Archives was built.</p><br>
<h3>Juniper Hill Park</h3><br>
<p>Most of the estate grounds, 194 acre, were converted into Juniper Hill Park in 1956. The park contains a public golf course, playgrounds, volleyball and tennis courts, pavilion and picnic areas, and horseshoe pits. There are also memorials to Desert Storm, World War II submarine, and Purple Heart veterans, as well as Kentucky&#39;s fallen firefighters.</p><br>
<h2>Design</h2><br>
<p>William J. Dodd, a prominent Louisville architect, designed the 22 room home in the Colonial Revival style. The stones used in construction were blasted from the property and created the cellar.</p><br>
<h3>Interiors</h3><br>
<p>The home contains an elaborate library, with mahogany woodwork. Also, a large parlor and dining room were used for entertaining. The original tapestries, purchased by Mr. Berry for the mansion, still remain in the mansion library today. Portraits or Mr. and Mrs. Berry by Charles Snead Williams are hung within the mansion. Some original pieces of furniture remain with the mansion today.</p><br>
<p>One of the highlights of the house, the Music Room was built due to the Berrys passion for music. This addition to the house in 1912 was also designed by architect William J. Dodd.</p><br>
<p>With its magnificent pipe organ and ornately carved woodwork, the music room cost around $65,000 in 1912 – almost as much as the Kentucky Governor&#39;s Mansion (built a few years later.). Family memoirs say two woodcarvers – one from Nuremberg, Germany – worked for two years on the oak paneling and Gothic style decorations.</p><br>
<p>The Music Room featured furnishings with wood carvings to match the Gothic Revival elements of the room. The pipe organ is from Hillgreen-Lane of Alliance, Ohio, and was said to have cost $10,000. Non-operational at this time, estimates to restore the organ near $200,000 or more. A Steinway grand piano, now in a private collection, also added to the elegance of this Music Room.</p><br>
<p>Mr. Berry engaged Sidney Durst of the Cincinnati Conservatory of Music as his organ instructor. Mr. Durst was featured in recitals and midnight dinner parties hosted in this room by the Berrys. Kentucky&#39;s social elite attended, dressed in formal finery and were treated to elaborate meals.</p><br>
<p>The alcove windows featured full-length crimson red brocade draperies with red silk cording, and the hardwood floors were covered with more imported rugs and a full tiger skin. Furniture in the room was arranged as "sitting areas" – making the room less formal and more "conversational."</p><br>
<p>Images of juniper trees are incorporated into the light sconces and leaded-glass windows.</p><br>
<h3>Exterior</h3><br>
<p>The servants&#39; quarters were located in the attic and the "wash house," a laundry structure disconnected from the main house but connected by a covered walkway. The Carriage House sits nearby and provided room for horses, carriages and later automobiles. The home also boasts a veranda, garden and gazebo. Original stone columns are located on the driveway and bear the inscription "Juniper Hill".</p><br>
<h2>Today</h2><br>
<p>The "George F. Berry House," as it is sometimes known, was listed on the National Register of Historic Places by the United States Department of the Interior.</p><br>
<p>The first floor of the mansion is available for guided tours, conferences, receptions and other public events.</p><br>
<p>The second floor currently houses offices for the Kentucky Division of Historic Properties and the Office of the Inspector General for the Kentucky Transportation Cabinet and is not open to the public.</p><br>
<p>The Shuart-Van Orden Stone House is located on Allhusen Road in Plattekill, New York, United States, near the Thaddeus Hait Farm. The original stone house was built in 1740. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1995, as a highly stylized version of a typical Hudson Valley Dutch Colonial house, the use of brick and gambrel roof in its construction reflecting the influence of migrants from New Jersey and New York City, where that was more common.</p><br>
<h2>House and grounds</h2><br>
<p>The -story house has a five-bay the front constructed of brick from clay deposits on the site. A veranda with bell-shaped profile is found on the rear. It was extensively renovated in the 1980s to restore its original historical appearance and shore up the deteriorating east and west walls. During this time, a stone wing was added to the west, built from a stone house in nearby Modena. It houses the furnace and other modern mechanicals, leaving the cellar in its unique and original form.</p><br>
<p>The rebuilding of the east wall found an old archway, possibly added later, in the 19th century. Its doorway was covered over with stone sometime in the 19th century. The interior is divided into four chambers, with a center hall that features much of the original red paint and wainscoting. The handrail on the staircase is of a molding and shape very similar to that found at the nearby Locust Lawn Estate and its accompanying Terwilliger House.</p><br>
<p>There are four other buildings on the property, most dating from the early 19th century which includes an 18th-century Dutch barn that was relocated from Kingston, New York. A granary that dates to roughly 1800 is the only one considered a contributing property.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>It is one of the oldest houses in the town, although it has been added onto and rebuilt a great deal since its original construction. Johannis Shuart, an early settler from New Jersey, acquired 500 acre from one of the original patentees in 1772, and may well have been living there earlier. He sold the house and land to Peter Van Orden in 1799.</p><br>
<p>Van Orden opened up a store on the property opposite the house, where he also operated a distillery, a common practice at the time for that region. In 1886 it became the property of some heirs of his named Hasbrouck, who in turn sold it to George Rhinehart in 1928. His family owned it until 1980, continuing its agricultural uses, until selling it to Brian and Marilyn McKay,its present owners, who renovated it extensively and discovered some previously hidden aspects of the house.</p><br>
<p>Café Brauer  is a restaurant building and official landmark located in Lincoln Park in Chicago, Illinois, at the edge of the Lincoln Park Zoo. It was designed by Dwight H. Perkins and completed in 1908.</p><br>
<p>The building, known for its green roof, red bricks, second floor ballroom, and lagoon-side setting, has been called "an outstanding example of the Prairie School of architecture" and "perhaps the finest expression of Perkins&#39; design philosophy". It was financed by the Brauer family of Chicago, who worked in the restaurant business, and was one of the most popular restaurants in Chicago during the early twentieth century. Caspar Brauer, who died at age 68 on April 29, 1940, was the longtime proprietor of Café Brauer.</p><br>
<p>The original restaurant closed in the 1940s. In 1947, Café Brauer&#39;s second floor ballroom was opened to the public as an indoor recreation room featuring ballroom dancing for children, square dancing, and waltzing. At the time, it was announced that the facility would be renamed the Lincoln Fieldhouse. By the 1960s, the structure was largely used for storage. Part of the second floor was used as a theater, and there was a small cafeteria on the first floor. A nine-member committee was chosen on October 10, 1967 by Chicago Park Board Vice-President Daniel Shannon to look into restoring the structure as a restaurant-ballroom and adding an outdoor dance pavilion. Their project never moved forward because of restrictions on the sale of alcohol in park district facilities.</p><br>
<p>In 1987, the Lincoln Park Zoo Society began a $4.2 million restoration project. The second floor ballroom was renovated so that it could be used for private events, and the first floor was remodeled as a small family restaurant and ice cream parlor.</p><br>
<p>Café Brauer was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1986, and it received Chicago Landmark status on February 5, 2003.</p><br>
<p>The building is located on the site of the South Pond Refectory, a wood-frame boathouse and restaurant designed by William Le Baron Jenney which was open from 1882 until 1908. Café Brauer is sometimes called the South Pond Refectory, the primary name for the site used in its National Register nomination.</p><br>
<p>Holy Cross Monastery is located on US 9W in West Park, New York, United States. It is the mother house of the Order of the Holy Cross, an Anglican religious order inspired by the Benedictine tradition.</p><br>
<p>The building, designed in a combination of Mission/Spanish Revival and Tudorbethan styles by architects Ralph Adams Cram and Henry Vaughan, both known for their religious buildings, began construction in 1902 and was dedicated two years later. It sits on a 26 acre site overlooking the Hudson River and the Vanderbilt Mansion National Historic Site, which is just across from it in Hyde Park. The monastery dominates the view westward from the mansion grounds.</p><br>
<p>In addition to the motherhouse, facilities include two guesthouses, the Monastic Church of St. Augustine, and the Monastic Enclosure. It is available for individual and group retreats. Madeleine LEngle, author of A Wrinkle in Time, ran a retreat in conjunction with a writers workshop every January for much of her life. The monks also sell incense, perfume and operate the Monks Cell, a book and gift shop on the property. In keeping with the orders devotion to progressive social causes, they kept a peace vigil on Saturdays during the Iraq War.</p><br>
<p>It was the first house established in the order by its founder, The Rev. James Otis Sargent Huntington. It was created 20 years after he founded The Order of the Holy Cross, after the order used interim homes in New York City and Maryland. He is buried in the church on the grounds. Today it serves as the order&#39;s house of formation, where new initiates begin their training. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1995.</p><br>
<p>Magnolia Cemetery is a 10 acre cemetery in Baton Rouge, Louisiana.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The cemetery is located at 422 North 19th Street and is bordered on the north by Main Street and on the south by Florida Boulevard. The west and east sides are bordered by 19th Street and 22nd Street, respectively. The land for the cemetery was purchased by the town of Baton Rouge from John Christian Buhler Jr, in August 1852, with burials in the area dating back to the 1820s according to some sources. a commemorative ceremony is held at the cemetery each August.</p><br>
<p>Magnolia Cemetery was added to National Register of Historic Places on January 31, 1985.</p><br>
<h2>Notable burials</h2><br>
<p>This cemetery was the main burial site for most prominent citizens of Baton Rouge, white and African-American, from 1820s to the 1970s and burials continue to the present. These include sugar planter and philanthropist John Hill (1824–1910), novelist Lyle Saxon (1891–1946), and "Florence Nightengal of the South" Confederate nurse Joanna Fox Waddill (1838–1899).</p><br>
<p>Among the noteworthy politicians buried here are:</p><br>
<p>US Congressman Thomas Withers Chinn (1791–1852)</p><br>
<p>Whig politician James M. Elam (1796–1856) and his son James Essex Elam (1829–1873)</p><br>
<p>Granddaughter of Mayor of Baton Rouge, former Register of State Lands Ellen Bryan Moore (1912–1999)</p><br>
<p>Cecil Morgan (1898–1999), the state representative who moved to impeach Huey Pierce Long Jr.</p><br>
<p>6th District Congressman Edward White Robertson (1823–1887) and his son Congressman Samuel Matthews Robertson (1852–1911)</p><br>
<p>5th District Congressman William B. Spencer (1835–1882)</p><br>
<p>The Brattleboro Retreat is a private not-for-profit mental health hospital that provides comprehensive inpatient, partial hospitalization, and outpatient treatment services for children, adolescents, and adults.</p><br>
<p>Located just north of downtown Brattleboro, Vermont, United States, the Retreat is situated on approximately 300 acres of land along the Retreat Meadows inlet of the West River. Founded in 1834, the retreat was "the first facility for the care of the mentally ill in Vermont, and one of the first ten private psychiatric hospitals in the United States". It is considered a pioneer in the field of mental health care in the United States.</p><br>
<p>The retreat is a member of the Ivy League Hospitals. More than 600 acres of the campus, including most of its buildings, were listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1984.</p><br>
<h2>Origin and history</h2><br>
<p>The Brattleboro Retreat was founded in 1834 as the Vermont Asylum for the Insane through a $10,000 bequest left by Anna Hunt Marsh for the establishment of a psychiatric hospital that would exist independently and in perpetuity for the welfare of the mentally disordered. The institution was renamed as the Brattleboro Retreat in the late 19th century in order to eliminate confusion with the state-run Vermont State Asylum for the Insane.</p><br>
<p>Taking its inspiration from the York Retreat in England, the retreat originated as a humane alternative to the otherwise demeaning and sometimes dangerous treatment of people with mental disorders. The focus is on "moral treatment" an idea derived from a Quaker concept introduced by William Tuke in the late 18th century, which approaches mental disorders as diseases and not as character flaws or the results of sins. This remains the institution&#39;s guiding philosophy.</p><br>
<p>For much of the 19th and 20th century, treatment methods emphasized fresh air, physical activity, educational enrichment, therapeutic farm and kitchen work, and supportive staff. Some of the techniques used at the retreat were influenced by the Quakers and Benjamin Rush, a physician and American Revolutionary War supporter. The first superintendent, William Rockwell, was instrumental in putting many of these ideas in place, following in the footsteps of his mentor Eli Todd. The life of Hiram Harwood, one of the Retreats early patients, is a good example of how Rockwells methods were used.</p><br>
<h2>Treatment methods</h2><br>
<p>The Brattleboro Retreat has been known throughout its history for adhering to the concepts of moral treatment while integrating advanced methods of care. The administration established the following "firsts" among psychiatric hospitals in the USA: patient-produced newspaper, bowling alley, chapel, theater, gymnasium, recreation fields, patient chorus, book discussion groups, outing club, working hospital dairy farm, patient-managed enterprises, and the first swimming pool at a USA psychiatric hospital.</p><br>
<p>Patients enjoyed frequent outings and the community would often join the patients for events. The facility has some secure units but is not separated from the community by fencing. Many aspects of the Brattleboro Retreat&#39;s medical care and physical design have been adopted by hospitals around the world.</p><br>
<p>The retreat cautiously approached modern treatment methods such as electroconvulsive therapy ("ECT") and utilized them in a fairly limited capacity. Today the retreat&#39;s ECT clinic is closed. Most patients have enjoyed a greater degree of freedom than at other institutions, with windowed bedrooms instead of cells or cages. Due to rapid construction, patients had large private rooms even as overcrowding became an issue at other hospitals, leading many historians to conclude that the Brattleboro Retreat is among few long-established psychiatric hospitals with an unblemished history. This dignity ended for many patients when state hospitals began to be built. Many long-term patients feared leaving their beloved home and tried to avoid transfer to state facilities. Unfortunately, some were relocated to new state hospitals against their wishes. This decrease in patient census was compounded by the loss of patients due to the development of mood stabilizing drugs. The hospital has used this open capacity for new programs such as specialty schools and outpatient resources. Recent innovative programs include a new inpatient unit for LGBT individuals and people comfortable with LGBT individuals, and a partial hospital/residential program for uniformed service professionals (corrections, fire, first responders, military, and police).</p><br>
<p>The hospital lacks the historical stigma associated with some psychiatric institutions due to its consistent focus on patients&#39; individuality and fair treatment. A full staff of doctors, psychologists, psychiatric nurses, social workers, and other medical personnel continue this tradition of patient care.</p><br>
<h2>Campus</h2><br>
<p>Until recently, the president of the Brattleboro Retreat was a doctor who lived in the main building with his or her family. The last residents of the executive apartment were Dr. and Mrs. Beech.</p><br>
<p>A unique back-lit clock tower with four faces sits atop a rotunda on Lawton Hall—a feature originally intended to provide any sleepless patients a sense of the time and comfort. The clock is visible from everywhere on the 58-building, college-like campus, which is situated on a grassy plain between a seasonally-flooding meadow and downtown Brattleboro. The hospital agreed to allow a hydroelectric company to flood the Retreat Meadows on the condition that it could be used for ice fishing, boating, and other recreation.</p><br>
<p>The hospital has extensive landholdings throughout the area, including the site of the castle-like Retreat Tower, which was constructed by patients and staff in the late 19th century. The Retreat Dairy Farm is now separate from the hospital but is well preserved and still functional. Patients no longer work at the bakery or carpentry shops. Programs have been adjusted for changing populations and the main clinical buildings are named after former doctors, such as Tyler and Osgood.</p><br>
<p>The indoor swimming pool in Lawton Hall was the first at any hospital in the world. It was closed after a polio outbreak outside Vermont decades ago and has not reopened. A new complex featuring tennis courts and an outdoor in-ground pool provide patients with facilities for outdoor activities.</p><br>
<p>The land owned by the hospital is open to the public and can be hiked or cross-country skied. Dozens of ice fishing huts pop up each winter on the frozen Retreat Meadows. Occasionally, ice skating can be observed.</p><br>
<h2>In popular culture</h2><br>
<p>"Lennox House", the fictional mental institution in the film, Sucker Punch, was portrayed as being located in Brattleboro, Vermont. An approaching shot of "Lennox House" shows a wrought iron sign similar to a sign at the retreat.</p><br>
<p>In the 1987 "bad trip remix" music video of the song "Grimly Fiendish" by The Damned the original horror comic villain of the title is reinterpreted as an evil stepfather. After attempting to free herself and her younger sister, the teenage protagonist finds herself sedated and driven in a car with "sucker punch" written in raindrops on a rear window through a wrought iron gate with the words Lennox House Brattleboro Vermont to be met roughly at the entrance by two male nurses. The song was written at the height of The Damned&#39;s goth-punk evolution.</p><br>
<p>The Retreat was referenced in a 2014 episode of The Howard Stern Show after Wack Pack member Bigfoot (Mark Shaw Jr.) mentions he was hospitalized there following an assault on a police officer with a samurai sword.</p><br>
<p>The Grand Army of the Republic Hall is an historic building located at 34 School Street in Rockland, Massachusetts, in the United States. The hall was designed by local builder William Harrison Hebberd, and built in 1899 by members of the GAR as a memorial to the Union Army veterans of the Civil War. It is a somewhat plainly decorated two-story wood-frame building with a hip roof. Its most elaborate exterior feature is the main entry, a porch supported by clusters of narrow columns, and with brackets in its eaves. The interior is more elaborately decorated, and has retained most of its original Queen Anne details.</p><br>
<p>On May 16, 1997, the building was added to the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>Meetings</h2><br>
<p>The hall was the meeting place of the Gen. George L. Hartsuff GAR Post No. 74, which was one of 210 post in the Department of Massachusetts. It is now the meeting place of the Gen. George L. Hartsuff Camp No. 50 of the Sons of Union Veterans of the Civil War, the successor organization to the Grand Army of the Republic.</p><br>
<p>The Dr. William W. Mayo House, located at 118 North Main Street in Le Sueur, Minnesota, United States, is listed on the National Register of Historic Places . It was built in 1859 by James Mayo and his brother, William Worrall Mayo who emigrated from Salford, United Kingdom, to the United States in 1846 and became a doctor. William&#39;s older son, William James Mayo was born in the home in 1861. William W. Mayo aided pioneers and their families during the Dakota War of 1862 and later moved to Rochester where he became the examining surgeon for the southern Minnesota Civil War draft board. He and his sons, William and Charles founded the 27-bed Saint Marys Hospital which opened in 1889 following the 1883 Rochester tornado. They later founded their namesake, the Mayo Clinic.</p><br>
<p>The next owner of the home was Charlotte Wright Bradley (mother of Elizabeth, who married Carson Nesbit Cosgrove (1853-1936)). Bradley gave the home to the newlyweds in 1874. In 1903 Cosgrove presided at the organizational meeting of the Minnesota Valley Canning Company (later renamed Green Giant), becoming a pioneer of canning in the Minnesota River valley. Cosgrove&#39;s son, Edward, and grandson, Robert, each born in the home, also served as heads of the company over the ensuing decades before the company was swallowed by General Mills.</p><br>
<p>The Mayo House, also known as the W. W. Mayo House, is a state historic site managed by the Ney Nature Center in partnership with the Minnesota Historical Society. The house has been restored and furnished to appear as in 1860. The Mayoview History Center, located in a separate building, features exhibits about the Mayo family, St. Mary&#39;s Hospital and the Mayo Clinic.</p><br>
<p>Mulford Farm in East Hampton, Long Island, New York, is one of Americas most significant, intact English colonial farmsteads. The farmhouse was built in 1680 by High Sheriff Josiah Hobart, an important early official of the first New York Royal Province government. Samuel "Fish Hook" Mulford bought the property in 1712 after Hobarts death. He had the barn built in 1721. The property is listed as a contributing property of the East Hampton Village District, a historic district listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>The Mulford Farm site has been interpreted as the year 1790, and includes the house, barn, spinning dependency, privy, smokehouse and garden. It is owned by the East Hampton Historical Society and operated as a living museum. Next to it is a colonial house museum, called "Home Sweet Home" for its association with songwriter John Howard Payne, who spent time as a child there at what was his grandfather&#39;s house. The Pantigo windmill is located behind it.</p><br>
<p>The Mulford Farm museum is located at 10 James Lane, East Hampton, New York, accessible by Montauk Highway. It is open from Memorial Day weekend through Columbus Day weekend.</p><br>
<p>The Gomez Mill House is located in the Town of Newburgh, New York, USA, on Mill House Road a short distance off US 9W, just south of the Orange–Ulster county line . Over 300 years old, it is the earliest known surviving Jewish dwelling in North America and the oldest home in Orange County listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Luis Moses Gomez, a Sephardic Jewish merchant and trader whose Spanish Jewish ancestors fled to France to escape from the Spanish Inquisition for the New World, came to New York in the late 1690s. In 1705 he was granted an Act of Denization from Anne, Queen of Great Britain, which he purchased for 56 pounds British Sterling. This document gave him rights to conduct business, own property, and live freely within the British Colonies without an oath of allegiance to the Church of England. Gomez established himself as a prominent businessman and leader within the early Jewish community of New York. In 1714, he purchased 1,000 acres in Marlboro on the west side of the Hudson River in the then-British colony of New York. Subsequently, he and three of his sons, Jacob, Daniel and David, acquired an additional 3,000 acres. The property was located where several old Native American paths converged. Other pioneers, fleeing tyranny in Europe for the promise of a new life, then settled in the Hudson Valley. On the western border of the Gomez property, a single-story fieldstone block house with walls three feet (1 m) thick was built into the side of a hill alongside a stream that came to be known as Jews Creek. For over thirty years Daniel ran the thriving family lumber and limestone operations along Jews Creek and the Hudson River, while offering goods for sale and trade at the stone blockhouse, which remains today as the foundation and first floor of the Gomez Mill House.</p><br>
<p>In 1772, shortly before the Revolutionary War, a Dutch Colonist, Wolfert Acker, bought the property at a sheriff sale. He added a second story and attic using bricks made from local clay, bringing the main part of the house into its present form. He would serve with the local militia and chair the area&#39;s Committee of Safety during the war.</p><br>
<p>In 1835, Mill House was purchased by a wealthy landowner, Edward Armstrong. Following his death, it passed to his wife Sarah. Their eldest son, William Henry inherited the site and moved into the house in 1862. His brother was the artist and diplomat Maitland Armstrong. During the half-century William Henry and his family lived there, the kitchen wing and garden walls were added. During the next century, it had several other owners, the most notable being Dard Hunter, a papermaker associated with the Arts and Crafts movement. He bought the Mill House in 1912 and built a small paper mill on the property in the shape of a Devonshire cottage, complete with thatched roof. Over the next seven years he initiated and explored his lifelong career in hand papermaking and printing and produced some of his signature work. He sold it in 1918 in anticipation of military service. He claimed in his autobiography that a representative of the Russian government bought it for use as a school, but the real buyer was progressive activist Martha Gruening, who intended to establish a libertarian school in the building.</p><br>
<p>After World War II, in 1947, it was purchased by Mildred and Jeffrey Starin with a G.I loan. It became home to Mildred Starin and her family for the next 50 years. They were the first to recognize its historic significance. Mildred, a recognized antique dealer in the Hudson Valley, got the property listed on the National Register in 1973. Eleven years later, the New York City-based Gomez Foundation for Mill House, which had been established by descendants of Luis Moses Gomez and other interested parties in 1979, purchased the house to operate it as a museum, which it does today.</p><br>
<p>The Burbank–Livingston–Griggs House is the second-oldest house on Summit Avenue in Saint Paul, Minnesota, United States. It was designed in Italianate style by architect Otis L. Wheelock of Chicago and built from 1862 to 1863. The work was commissioned by James C. Burbank, a wealthy owner of the Minnesota Stage Company. Later, four significant local architects left their mark on the landmark structure.</p><br>
<p>The building was one of the first Minnesota properties nominated to the National Register of Historic Places, in 1970. It was listed for its state-level significance in the theme of architecture. It was nominated for being one of Minnesota&#39;s most elaborate examples of mid-19th-century Italianate architecture. In 1976 it was also included as a contributing property to the Historic Hill District.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Burbank–Livingston–Griggs House is built of grey limestone and features arched windows, a bracketed cornice with carved pendants, and a cupola topped with a finial. The floor plan was open and spacious, with the first parquet floor in Minnesota as well as steam heat, hot and cold running water, and gas lighting. The rat-proof interior walls are lined with a layer of brick, providing an air chamber to insulate the house from the harsh winter cold. Floors and staircases connecting the four levels are oak and marble. A stairway leads to the glass-enclosed cupola on the roof. Servants, including three maids, a coachman, a driver, and a gardener, originally lived on the third floor.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Summit Avenue was still only an oxcart trail when Wheelock arrived to build this Civil War-era mansion at the top of a steep hill. The picturesque country estate high on the Mississippi River bluff was constructed of massive blocks of limestone quarried across the river in Mendota, Minnesota.</p><br>
<p>The site at 432 Summit Avenue overlooked the town, where owner James Crawford Burbank&#39;s steamboats and stagecoaches carried mail, passengers, and goods. Burbank had come to Saint Paul from Vermont in 1850 and built a financial empire from scratch, then reorganized the Saint Paul Fire & Marine Insurance Company and served as its president. He was active in civic affairs, founding the chamber of commerce, establishing Como Park, and constructing a streetcar system. He served in public office as a Ramsey County commissioner and state representative.</p><br>
<p>In addition to Burbank, the house is named after two important owners who led the early growth and development of the capital city: Crawford Livingston and Theodore Wright Griggs. Mary Potts Livingston, the wife of Crawford Livingston, was a niece of Henry Hastings Sibley, Minnesota&#39;s first governor.</p><br>
<p>In 1884, 20 years after the house was built, the Livingston family worked with architect Clarence H. Johnston Sr. to replace the single window on the stairs with three arched windows of stained glass and install elaborately carved oak paneling in the entry. After those improvements, the home was relatively unchanged for many years.</p><br>
<p>Mary Livingston Griggs inherited the house from her parents in 1925. She worked with architect Allen H. Stem to expand the living space with a two-story limestone addition and remodel the living room in the style of a 17th-century English Renaissance chamber. Her love for history and antiques inspired her to install whole rooms brought over from elegant French and Italian houses in Europe and furnished with antiques from the period.</p><br>
<p>When Stem retired from his architectural practice, Magnus Jemne began installing late-18th-century French panels in the grand salon and bedroom suite. Edwin Hugh Lundie completed the complicated task of fitting the antique interiors in the dining room, two bedrooms, two sitting rooms, wardrobe rooms, and a small hallway. In the basement, he designed a glass-walled ballroom in the latest Art Deco style for the Griggs&#39; children.</p><br>
<p>In 1968, Mary Griggs&#39; daughter Mary Griggs Burke donated the house to the Minnesota Historical Society and the Saint Paul Junior League, which operated a house museum for many years with the assistance of the Minneapolis Institute of Art.</p><br>
<p>In 1996, the Burbank–Livingston–Griggs House was sold and turned into three separate furnished apartments, once again becoming a residence.</p><br>
<p>The Whitney Tavern Stand served as an inn and local gathering place in Cascade Township, Michigan for fifty years after its construction in the 1852-53 period. In its first few years it served as a stop for stagecoaches on the lines that, connecting Battle Creek, Hastings, and Kalamazoo with Grand Rapids, passed through Whitneyville. It is listed in the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>Significance</h2><br>
<p>The Whitney Tavern Stand served as an inn and local gathering place in Cascade Township, Michigan for fifty years after its construction in the 1852-53 period. In its first few years it served as a stop for stagecoaches on the lines that, connecting Grand Rapids with Battle Creek, Hastings, and Kalamazoo. Following the completion of a more direct plank road between Kalamazoo and Grand Rapids that siphoned off traffic, it continued to serve the stage line between Battle Creek and Grand Rapids via Hastings until around 1870. At that point stage service ended with the completion of the Grand River Valley Railroad line through Hastings to Grand Rapids. Despite alterations since its conversion to a private home in the early twentieth century, the hotel, with its side-gable form and eight-bay wide façade, retains much of the characteristic appearance of a southern Michigan stagecoach inn dating from the mid-nineteenth century.</p><br>
<p>Cascade Township was created from Ada Township, Michigan in 1848. Settlement began in 1836 but proceeded slowly for the first few years. Development beginning in 1838 of a state road between Battle Creek and Grand Rapids that passed through the township along what are now Whitneyville Avenue and Cascade Road served as a major impetus to settlement. The Battle Creek-Grand Rapids road was one of many routes in southern Michigan laid out and built at the direction of the legislature of the newly established state of Michigan in the late 1830s and early 1840s. It followed what seems today a not very direct route between the two places, passing through the early settlement of Gull Prairie – what is now Richland – well west and only a bit north of Battle Creek, before turning directly north through Prairieville, Middleville, Whitneyville, and Cascade to Grand Rapids.</p><br>
<p>By the early 1840s stages over this road were carrying passengers between Battle Creek and Grand Rapids. By the late 1840s Patterson & Ward (W. G. Patterson of Kalamazoo and John K. Ward of Battle Creek) provided stagecoach service. By late 1854 the Good Intent Line (C. W. Lewis, proprietor) was providing stagecoach service between Battle Creek and Kalamazoo, at one end, and Grand Rapids, with the Battle Creek and Kalamazoo routes merging at Richland. Beginning in the 1840s, stagecoaches also operated from Battle Creek north to Hastings, west to Middleville, and on to Grand Rapids along the same route. All of this traffic passed through Whitneyville, and most or all of it presumably stopped at Whitney&#39;s tavern.</p><br>
<p>The Whitneys were among the early settlers in Cascade Township. The families of Zerah Whitney (1784-1873), a Connecticut native, and his sons Ezra (1815–99) and Peter arrived in the 1841-42 period and took up land at the site of what soon became known as Whitneyville. The hamlet acquired the township&#39;s first post office in 1849 and eventually contained a sawmill, grist mill, store, blacksmith shop, church, and a few scattered houses. But the significance of Whitneyville declined after 1888 when the Grand Rapids, Lansing and Detroit Railroad, the only railroad line built through the area, established its station a mile away at McCords.</p><br>
<p>Ezra Whitney built a small log hotel in 1842 on a site across the road and a short distance to the south from the present house. He replaced this original hotel with the present frame Whitney Tavern Stand – so identified in an 1870 history – in 1852 or 53. The new tavern and hostelry as built was an L-shaped building with a two-story portico across the front, a ballroom occupying the second story of the entire street-facing front section, and a large wing, containing the kitchen and presumably lodging quarters, extending to the rear from the hotels north end. The hotel served travelers’ needs as a stagecoach stop and inn providing meals and overnight accommodations and also served as a local watering hole and, with its second-story ballroom, presumably social and cultural center as well. Information about specific events held in the Whitneys ballroom is lacking, but typically these country inn ballrooms hosted a broad range of functions, from dances and entertainments to religious services, church socials, and political meetings.</p><br>
<p>Whitney was not to enjoy his prosperity for long. In 1855 a plank road turnpike that provided a far more direct connection between Kalamazoo and Grand Rapids than the older stagecoach routes through Richland and Whitneyville was completed. The plank road, permitting a six-hour trip from Kalamazoo to Grand Rapids as opposed to the old two-day time frame, took over the traffic between Kalamazoo and Grand Rapids that formerly passed through Whitneyville. It may also have absorbed much of the traffic between Battle Creek and Grand Rapids as well, since passengers could ride the Michigan Central Railroad between Battle Creek and Kalamazoo and then ride the stage up to Grand Rapids in far less time – and far greater comfort – than by taking the stage on the old state road. Whitney, who must have seen the handwriting on the wall, built a new hotel at Bradley on the Kalamazoo-Grand Rapids plank road when the road opened and sold his Whitneyville hotel to Abner C. Bruen.</p><br>
<p>Nevertheless, stagecoaches continued to run through Whitneyville on the Battle Creek-to-Grand Rapids route via Hastings until around 1870 when the Grand River Valley Railroad, from Jackson to Grand Rapids through Hastings, was completed. In addition, the state business gazetteers indicate that stage service, presumably operating from the hotel, connected Whitneyville with Caledonia Station (now Caledonia) on the Grand River Valley line during much of the 1880s – perhaps from the time the Valley line was completed until 1888 when the much closer GR, L & D line and its McCords depot opened.</p><br>
<p>Hotel proprietors after Ezra Whitney include Henry Proctor, listed in the 1867-69 state business gazetteers; S. F. Sliter, according to the township history in the 1870 county directory; John McQueen, listed in the 1870-71 state business gazetteer; Calvin W. Lewis from at least 1876 until 1879; and C. D. Campbell, Henry Best, and Thomas Russell later. The 1907 Kent County atlas&#39;s Whitneyville map identifies the building as a hotel, with R. S. Adley as owner – Richard S. and Adelia Winters Adley bought the property in 1893 – and shows the rear wing, but the state business gazetteers list no hotel in Whitneyville after the 1901-02 edition.</p><br>
<p>The Adleys renovated the hotel during, it appears, the 1910s or 20s, converting it into a single-family house. Their renovations, carried out while retaining much of the simple Greek Revival interior finish, included the removal of the two-story front portico and the rear wing and the addition of an enclosed porch at the north end and of two rooms on the rear. The interior renovations included oak floors downstairs along with some floor plan changes, including the addition of bathrooms, and the addition of a simply detailed brick fireplace, with stone tile hearth, in the living room at the building&#39;s north end, with a large brick chimney stack outside against the north wall. Upstairs the former ballroom was partitioned into bedrooms opening off a central hall. The light-weight, stud-less partitions are made of wallboard panels fastened with battens. The second-story remodeling was done without disturbing the still springy ballroom floor, which remains intact. Few changes have been made since then.</p><br>
<p>The earliest exterior photograph that has been found is from a 1957 newspaper article. The article includes an interview with Mrs. L. A. Brown who lived in the house for 65 years. She recalls a two-story porch stretching across the front but no photograph showing that has been found. However, many pictures and illustrations of taverns built around the time of the Whitney Tavern Stand show a two-story front porch as Mrs. Brown describes. It is not known when the porch was removed. The 1907 Standard Atlas of Kent County shows the footprint of the house being L-shaped. Other books and documents state that the rear wing was removed when the house was converted to a private residence in the early 1900s.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Standing well back from the road on a knoll overlooking the Whitneyville mill pond, the Whitney Tavern Stand is a vernacular Greek Revival former hotel building. The two-story, side-gable hotel presents an unusually broad eight-bay wide façade to the street. The exterior walls are finished in wooden clapboarding and display broad plain board corner and frieze trim below the projecting eaves with their raking cornices without returns. The dominating feature of the front is the front entry, positioned slightly to the right of center, with its side and transom lights set in a classical frame of massy antae and flat-top two-part entablature.</p><br>
<p>The tavern stands on the west side of Whitneyville Avenue facing east toward the pond in Cascade Township, a growing suburb to the southeast of Grand Rapids. The Whitneyville area in which the hotel is located retains a largely rural aspect, with woods edging the property on the north and west. All that remains of the never-very-large Whitneyville settlement is the Old Time Methodist Church founded in 1854 and the Whitneyville Cemetery, both located ½ mile south of the house. Several owners of the Whitney Tavern Stand are buried in the Whitneyville Cemetery including: the Browns; Calvin Lewis, proprietor of the stage coach line that serviced Whitneyville; and Oscar Whitney, brother of Ezra Whitney, the builder of the Whitney Tavern Stand. Large trees stand in the hotels front yard and along the south side of the paved driveway that runs along the south edge of the property, and a large open lawn forms the propertys rear portion.</p><br>
<p>The original building has ground dimensions of sixty-one feet in length, north and south, and thirty-one in width, east and west. The wood frame building stands on fieldstone foundations that are six feet thick in places. The east façade is fronted by an 8 ft open verandah or terrace across the entire front, with a front staircase positioned in alignment with the front entry. The concrete-deck verandah with its wooden railing is supported on fieldstone and concrete retaining walls, concrete filling the space beneath the verandah to the north (right) of the front entrance where a 1957 newspaper article photograph shows a garage door entry to the basement level was then present. Many of the 9-over-6 windows still have the original ripple glass. Several of the hand-pegged interior doors are original, as is the front entry door.</p><br>
<p>The front entrance opens into a square-plan entry hall, from which doors lead north (right) into a large living room and south (left) into the smaller dining room. The hall may originally have extended entirely through the building. Like the rest of the downstairs, the hall floor is finished in narrow oak flooring. Part of the space directly behind the hall contains a bathroom and the rest is incorporated into a family room that extends into a 1910s or 20s-looking one-story hip-roof addition on the building&#39;s back.</p><br>
<p>The living room, the largest space, may have housed the hotel/taverns dining area and bar. It occupies the entire north end except for a broad, apparently original staircase against the west wall that, opening into the room, provided access to the second-story ballroom. An enclosed one-story porch opens off the living rooms north wall at the west end, and a brick fireplace, with stone tile hearth and boldly projecting, angular wood shelf, projects into the room along the north wall. Both features appear to date from the 1910s or 20s.</p><br>
<p>The dining room is significantly smaller in ground dimensions than the living room. Perhaps it served as a parlor for women guests, but this is only speculation with no solid information behind it. Today there is a small hallway with a narrow early twentieth-century staircase off it located behind the dining room. The hallway provides access to the kitchen, which occupies a second shallow but broad hip-roof early twentieth-century addition on the building&#39;s west side.</p><br>
<p>A doorway in the dining room&#39;s south side opens into the southern end of the building, containing two bedrooms separated by a bathroom. A one-story enclosed porch dating from after 1957 – the 1957 newspaper photograph does not show it – projects southward from the easterly of the two bedrooms.</p><br>
<p>A ballroom, reached originally, it appears, only by the staircase in the building&#39;s northwest corner, occupied the entire second story. The space was spanned by a plaster ceiling that arched between the broad east and west walls the length of the room. Remnants of this ceiling structure survive in the attic above the current ceiling. The original ceiling includes original painted decorations on the gable ends and the soot-stained upper ceiling where the candelabras were used for lighting by candles. The dance floor was built to be "springy," as in other early taverns. To achieve the springy feeling, the floor was constructed with five or six sets of beams spanning the space from east to west. Each set of beams is composed of three individual six-inch square (approximately) beams, one on either side attached to a wall post using a wooden pin that allowed the beam to pivot slightly, and a central beam that, overlapping the side ones slightly at each end, was also attached to them with wooden pins. This floor structure remains intact, with heart pine flooring installed over the original.</p><br>
<p>The former ballroom space was reconfigured in the early twentieth century into five rooms plus a bathroom off a central hall, with a large stair hall at the northwest corner. The partitions – and ceilings as well – rather than being built using conventional construction of lath and plaster over studs, are light, stud-less structures composed of wallboard panels held together with thin wooden battens.</p><br>
<p>A large wing once projected to the west from the north end of the buildings west side. It shows in the 1907 county atlas but was removed later, perhaps at the same time when all the other major renovations were done. This wing apparently contained the original kitchen, guest rooms, and, perhaps, other spaces. A rectangular in-ground concrete swimming pool, built in the 1969-73 period, with a white picket fence surrounding it, now stands directly behind the building on part of the site of the wing. No evidences of the wings foundations are now apparent.</p><br>
<p>The surviving main front section of the former hotel retains a high degree of integrity overall. Much of the first-floor&#39;s plan as well as important features such as the ballroom floor construction and the original exterior and interior finish – such as Greek Revival architrave door and window trim, paneled doors, wide mopboards, and original nine-over-six windows – has survived intact through one hundred years of use since the building last served as a hotel and tavern.</p><br>
<p>The property associated with the tavern contains three other buildings. A two-story garage, modeled after old carriage house/stable buildings, with a side-gable roof, gabled front dormer, and clapboard siding matching the taverns in width and color, stands at the west end of the driveway, southwest of the tavern. It was built during the summer of 2003. Two small frame sheds, each a single-story structure of gable-front form with a saltbox or leanto roof, the south slopes shorter than the north ones, stand north of the garage behind the house. Little historical information on these is available. They appear to date from the early to mid-twentieth century but may be older. The south outbuilding includes a chimney vent. When the present owners acquired the property the outbuilding contained a tin sink. The present owners have heard that at one time the south outbuilding was a laundry/summer kitchen. Nothing is known about the north outbuildings historic use. However, the north outbuilding&#39;s interior walls are covered with one-inch thick tightly-seamed boards and has a small chimney vent. This may indicate the outbuilding was used as a meat house/smokehouse at one time.</p><br>
<h2>Bibliography/References</h2><br>
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<p>The First Church of Christ, Scientist at 339 West Kaufman in Paris, Texas, is a former Church of Christ, Scientist church and an historic structure that, in 1988, was added to the National Register of Historic Places. It was then vacant. In 2009 it was being used by a Spanish-speaking Baptist congregation.</p><br>
<p>It is a one-story raised brick building, with broad steps leading up to a portico of Ionic columns and a large entablature. It has double French doors with transoms leading to its sanctuary. The sides have three tall arched windows.</p><br>
<p>Its nomination suggests it is significant as "one of the earlier Christian Science churches in Texas" and as "one of the first Beaux Arts-style buildings constructed in Paris, Texas after the fire, it is an unusually well-detailed small church. It compares favorably with Temple Freda (NR 1984) in Bryan, Brazos County, Texas."</p><br>
<p>A photo taken in Winter 1984/85 shows that a banner displaying "Ensign Christian Center" appears in the entablature above its front entrance, while the 2015 photo above shows a blank banner obscuring carved letters after "FIR....".</p><br>
<p>The former First Church of Christ, Scientist, built in 1939, is an historic Classical revival style Christian Science church edifice located at 501 Riverside Drive, overlooking the Truckee River in Reno, Nevada. Anna Frandsen Loomis, a wealthy local Christian Scientist, underwrote the $120,000 cost of the building, including land acquisition and architect&#39;s fees. She was responsible for hiring noted Los Angeles architect Paul Revere Williams, the first African-American member of the AIA. In 1998 the congregation sold the building and used the funds from the sale to construct a new church at 795 West Peckham Lane. Church member and local theater patron Moya Lear donated $1.1 million to the Reno-Sparks Theater Community Coalition, which used the funding to purchase the First Church of Christ, Scientist and renamed it the Lear Theater.</p><br>
<p>On December 28, 1982, the building was added to the Nevada State Register of Historic Places. and on August 20, 1999, it was added to the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>Mound Bottom is a prehistoric Native American complex in Cheatham County, Tennessee, located in the Southeastern United States. The complex, which consists of earthen platform and burial mounds, a 7-acre central plaza, and habitation areas, was occupied between approximately 1000 and 1300 AD, during the Mississippian period.</p><br>
<p>The Mound Bottom site is likely associated with another mound complex located just over a mile to the south known as the Pack Site, or Great Mound Division, and together they have been called the "Great Mound Group." Due to structural similarities in the mounds and ceramic chronologies, these sites are believed to have been contemporaneous.</p><br>
<h2>Geographical setting</h2><br>
<p>Mound Bottom is situated on a horseshoe bend of the Harpeth River at the river&#39;s confluence with Mound Creek, which approaches the riverbank opposite the site from the east. The Mound Bottom bend is one in a series of sharp bends found along the lower Harpeth as the river twists and turns through a steep gorge en route to its confluence with the Cumberland River several miles to the north. The Harpeth surrounds Mound Bottom on the north, south, and east, while the entry to the bend from the west is marked by rocky uplands.</p><br>
<p>Mound Bottom is today located approximately 1 mi north of the point where USA Route 70 crosses the Harpeth River, on the outskirts of Kingston Springs. The site is managed by the Tennessee Department of Environment and Conservation as part of Harpeth River State Park. Site access is prohibited without accompaniment by park rangers or the Tennessee Division of Archaeology. The Pack Site is located on private property approximately 1.5 mi southwest of Mound Bottom, just south of US-70, and is not open for visitation.</p><br>
<h2>Archaeological history of Mound Bottom</h2><br>
<p>Together the Mound Bottom site and Pack Site contain up to 34 earthen mounds, including between 11 and 14 at Mound Bottom and 20 at Pack. At Mound Bottom, the principal large flat-topped mound and up to 13 additional smaller mounds were arranged around a central plaza. The principal mound at Mound Bottom originally stood at least 36 feet tall and measured about 246 feet along each side of its base, and is oriented approximately 11 degrees east of north. The mound summit was originally accessed via a ramp or staircase located at the midpoint of the eastern face. According to early historical reports the Mound Bottom complex was surrounded by an earthen wall topped with a palisade of upright logs. However, any sign of the palisade had been plowed away by the early 1920s. In addition to the earthen, mounds, the site also included hundreds of houses, cemeteries, and agricultural fields.</p><br>
<p>The late prehistoric Native American culture of the Nashville Basin has been referenced in older and non-scholarly sources as being either the Mound Builders or the Stone Graves Race. Today archaeologists understand that Mound Bottom, Pack, and other late prehistoric mound sites in the area surrounding Nashville were constructed by a regional Mississippian culture known as Middle Cumberland Mississippian. This regional culture was first defined in the 1970s based on distinctive mortuary offerings and the presence of stone box burials, and has since been refined using ceramic typologies A recent reassessment of the Middle Cumberland Mississippian by Moore and Smith</p><br>
<p>By A.D. 1350, Mound Bottom and Pack appear to have been abandoned as a major centers, and while mound building and repair ceased, both sites continued to be used as burial locations. This change corresponds to a period of apparent political destabilization in the region, as the centralized authority of Mound Bottom and other large early sites gave way to fortified, autonomous village centers. This is followed in turn by a gradual abandonment of the region toward the end of the fourteenth century. According to Moore and Smith (2009, page 210), by A.D. 1475, Mississippian settlement of the region drop well below the level of archaeological visibility.</p><br>
<h2>Mound Bottom in recorded history</h2><br>
<p>Early Tennessee historian John Haywood noted Mound Bottom&#39;s importance as an aboriginal site in 1823, and early settlers reported seeing large fortifications and towers at the site. In the late 1860s, Joseph Jones of the Smithsonian Institution investigated several prehistoric sites in Tennessee, and reported "extraordinary aboriginal works" at Mound Bottom.</p><br>
<p>In 1923, William E. Myer, also working with the Smithsonian, carried out the first modern investigation of the Mound Bottom site. Myer uncovered evidence of a structure and hearth atop one of the mounds at the Pack site and evidence of 10 ancient houses at Mound Bottom. Tennessee state archaeologist P.E. Cox followed up on Myers finds in 1926, uncovering a number of stone box burials and baked clay floors. Parmenio Edward Cox, Tennessees first State Archaeologist, conducted a month of fieldwork at Mound Bottom in 1926. Cox excavated at least 70 graves and tested nine mounds No report on those excavations was published. In 1936, 1937, and 1940 the University of Tennessee conducted excavations at both Mound Bottom and the Pack Site under the auspices of the Works Progress Administration. Those excavations were directed by Charles Nash, and examined several cemeteries and a burial mound.</p><br>
<p>In 1972, the State of Tennessee purchased the Mound Bottom site to preserve it as a state archaeological area. The Tennessee Division of Archaeology dispatched Carl Kuttruff and Michael OBrien to conduct excavations at Mound Bottom in 1974 and 1975. Kuttruff and OBrien tested six mounds and 19 houses. The results of those excavations were published in 2012 in the journal Southeastern Archaeology.</p><br>
<p>In 2005, Mound Bottom became part of Harpeth River State Park, a "linear park" connecting several archaeological, historical, and natural areas along the lower Harpeth. The site is closed to the public, although guided tours are available by request. In 2008 an adjacent 65-acre parcel including additional site area was purchased with the assistance of Tennessee Parks and Greenways Foundation.</p><br>
<p>Mound Bottom and the adjacent pictograph at May&#39;s Mace Bluff were the inspiration for the 2014 Tennessee Archaeology Awareness Month poster, created by the Tennessee Council for Professional Archaeology.</p><br>
<p>The Frederick Spangenberg House is a historic house in Saint Paul, Minnesota, United States. It was built from 1864 to 1867 as the residence of a farm in what was then rural land outside the urban center. The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1976 for having local significance in the theme of architecture. Now enveloped by a 20th-century residential neighborhood, it was nominated for being one of the oldest limestone farmhouses preserved in Saint Paul.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Frederick Spangenberg was a German immigrant who built a prosperous dairy farm and milk-distribution business. He also designed this house for himself and his wife Anna. Its yellow limestone walls came from banks of the Mississippi River and hauled by stone-boat over snow to the building site. When the house was under construction, the Spangenbergs lived in a log cabin on one end of the property, near where Jefferson and Cretin avenues intersect today. When completed in 1867, the house was surrounded by an 80 acre dairy farm, well outside the Saint Paul city limits.</p><br>
<p>Today the house is surrounded not by fields and barns but by the paved streets and ample houses of the Macalester–Groveland neighborhood. Sited on a wooded lot, the house at 375 Mount Curve Boulevard—a two-story Greek Revival with 2 ft, random coursed walls—is somewhat obscured from the street by tall hedges. A one-story appendage originally served as a kitchen but was converted into a sitting room in 1932 by two of the Spangenberg sons, who lived in the house after their parents&#39; deaths. The sons also transformed the first-floor bedroom into a kitchen, the parlor into a dining room, and one of the four upstairs bedrooms into a bathroom.</p><br>
<p>In 1954 the Spangenbergs&#39; youngest granddaughter, Gertrude M. Yates, and her husband moved in and updated the interior while preserving its historic integrity. Then almost a century old, the house still contained a wine cellar complete with wooden casks and wine press, paddles and crocks for butter- and cheesemaking, and a cabbage cutter used for large-scale production of sauerkraut—a source of vitamins in the winter. The Yates family lived in the house until 1972, marking the end of the Spangenberg era. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1976.</p><br>
<p>The Justus Ramsey Stone House was one of the oldest known houses still standing in Saint Paul in the USA state of Minnesota. The house, located at 252 West 7th Street is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. The home is an example of a Saint Paul residence of a settler of some financial means.</p><br>
<h2>Ramsey</h2><br>
<p>Justus Cornelius Ramsey was born in Hummelstown, Dauphin County, Pennsylvania and learned the printer&#39;s trade. He was first employed as a surveyor for the Pennsylvania Railroad, then came to Saint Paul in 1849 where he engaged in the grocery business and in real estate. He was the younger brother of the first governor of Minnesota Territory, Alexander Ramsey. In 1850, he was elected to the Minnesota Territorial Legislature and served for three terms; he also served in other governmental posts, including carrying the treaty payment to the Dakota when the Dakota War of 1862 erupted.</p><br>
<h2>The building</h2><br>
<p>The 35-acre (14 ha) parcel including 252 West 7th Street was purchased by Henry Hastings Sibley, Henry M. Rice, and Justus Ramsey for $60.00 in 1849. The land was subdivided in 1850, and Justus Ramsey kept the title to the lot where this two-room house was built; it is believed that he initially lived in the home. It was constructed with 2-foot-thick light gray quarry-faced limestone walls, ashlar-coursed with lime mortar. In 1859, Ramsey lost or sold the home, after which it served as a barber shop and a residence.</p><br>
<p>Ramsey died by suicide in 1881, leaving behind a fortune of $200,000.</p><br>
<h2>Robert A. Smith</h2><br>
<p>One of the earliest occupants of the Justus Ramsey House was Robert A. Smith, who arrived in St. Paul in 1853 to serve as a secretary to his brother-in-law, Territorial Governor Willis A. Gorman. Smith went on to hold subsequent government positions at the territorial, county, and city level.</p><br>
<p>Smith was elected to the city council in 1883 and served until 1887. He was elected to the Minnesota Legislature in 1884 and served one term. He was then elected to the Minnesota Senate and served 1887-1890. He was appointed mayor of St. Paul in 1887 to complete the term of a mayor who had resigned. He served as mayor until 1892, when he lost the election, but after that term, he was elected again and served from 1894-1896 when he was appointed Postmaster. He resigned from that after four years to go back to being St. Paul mayor, serving from 1900-1908. He ran for lieutenant governor in 1902, but was not elected. In 1910 he was elected a Ramsey County Commissioner and held the position until his death in 1913.</p><br>
<h2>Munger Bros.</h2><br>
<p>The Munger brothers, Russel Munger and Roger Munger, also lived in the house.</p><br>
<p>During the late nineteenth century, amateur brass bands were very popular in America. In 1856, the Munger brothers, Russell and Roger, started the Old Gents’ Band, the first military band in Minnesota. The Old Gents’ Band merged with the Pioneer Guards Band, and from this, the Great Western Band of St. Paul (GWB) was formed in 1860. Russell C. Munger (1837–1901), co-owner of the Munger Brothers Music Store in downtown St. Paul, was well qualified to lead the band due to his musical abilities. Munger led it for seven years, after which George Seibert (1836–1897), a band member, became the leader.</p><br>
<p>Roger Munger married Olive Gray in 1858 and they moved to Duluth. Through his entrepreneurship, Munger bought a sawmill and built another, got a coal dock going and a grain elevator. Serving on the school board and the city council, he continued projects with the development of an opera house, flour mill and board of trade. He was part of cutting a shipping canal across Minnesota Point and also involved with the Spaulding Hotel.</p><br>
<h2>Early African American citizens of Saint Paul</h2><br>
<p>Between the late 1890s until 1933, almost all the residents of the house were Black men, women and children. From 1900 to 1908, the cottage was the home of George and Maria Perkins, formerly enslaved people from Kentucky and South Carolina respectively. George worked as a porter for the Pullman Company, headquartered in Chicago, while Maria raised the couple’s sole surviving child—three others had died. During later times the small two-room home served as a multi-tenant boarding house. In 1920, John and Daisy Hall lived there with Hattie Key, her daughter Lucy, and Hattie’ sister Alice Dean, all from Alabama, together with a lodger from Tennessee named Charles Alexander. Hattie and her daughter both worked as maids, Charles as a construction worker, and John Hall as a butcher for Armour Packing Co.10 At other times the house supported the one-story wood-framed retail shop that was built in front in about 1915 —as when in 1919, Lizzie Battles operated the latter as a hairdresser and millinery shop while residing in the stone house. In the decades between, the city directories list numerous other residents, most apparently unrelated and having a variety of occupations such as waiter, domestic servant, janitor, rail car cleaner, dishwasher, hairdresser and laborer.</p><br>
<h2>Pullman Porters and the railroad</h2><br>
<p>But by far the most common occupation of residents of the Justus Ramsey House was that of porter—specifically, railway porters. An astonishing number boarded there. In addition to George Perkins, boarders Lee Barber, James Thomas, and Charles Alexander also worked for the Pullman Company. Monroe Duncan, C.S. Page, Curtis James, Henry Reed, William Hines, and Victor Towles all worked as porters for Great Northern Railway; William Manning worked for Chicago Great Western Railway; and the employers of porters Dixon Woods, George Williams, Charles Parker and Joseph Lewers were not specified in the directories. The history of the Pullman Company and of Black railroad porters generally is a major historical context in its own right. At its peak, Saint Paul’s Union Depot served more than 280 trains and 20,000 passengers daily, and was a point of entry and major employer of Black job-seekers. Although most porters were confined to menial roles, their combined efforts ultimately formed the nation’s first Black labor union ever to sign a collective bargaining agreement, thereby securing improved working conditions and a degree of upward mobility. "Moreover, (r)egardless of job status, black station employees were important ambassadors. They were often the first friendly face for a new arrival, and their networks of information about where to find shelter and a good meal were invaluable." Porters typically travelled the rails for 400 hours or more per month covering as many as 11,000 miles. It is little wonder that census-takers and city directory writers often missed them at home.</p><br>
<h2>Demolition</h2><br>
<p>Moe Sharif (Mojtaba Sharifkhani) became the owner of the historic property in 2010. The stone house sat on the property of the restaurant which he bought and renamed Burger Moe&#39;s. Sharif is also the owner of the restaurant property across the street, the Downtowner Woodfire Grill.</p><br>
<p>In September 2022, Sharif reported that the north wall of the stone house had collapsed and he filed for a demolition permit from the City of Saint Paul. The Saint Paul Heritage Preservation Commission denied the demolition permit in December in order for historic preservation committees to seek alternate options for preserving the landmark stone house. In January 2023, Mayor Melvin Carter granted the demolition permit. A restraining order, sought by representatives of Historic Saint Paul, halted the demolition long enough to make plans to dismantle and store the stone house until further preservation efforts could be solidified.</p><br>
<p>Under agreement with preservationists, deconstruction of the Stone House began in February of 2023. The West 7th-Fort Road Federation has solicited bids to reconstruct the house somewhere in Saint Paul.</p><br>
<p>The Herbert M. Fox House is a pioneer farmhouse in Becker, Minnesota, United States. It was built in 1876 with an unusual construction method using load-bearing vertical planks rather than wall studs. It originally stood in Santiago Township, was moved to Becker in 1981, and moved again in 2006 to the grounds of the Sherburne History Center. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980 for its local significance in the themes of architecture and exploration/settlement. It was nominated for being an example of early pioneer architecture in Minnesota, representing the houses of mid-19th-century subsistence farmers while displaying a rare vernacular construction method.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Herbert M. Fox House is a one-and-a-half story wooden building with a gable roof. It is small, with a footprint of 21 ft by 16 ft. The walls are built of 14 in, 2 in oak planks nailed directly to the first and second floor sills. There is no internal framing with wall studs or other support posts. The walls are simply nailed together at the four corners. Horizontal clapboard is nailed directly to the planks on the exterior, while the interior is lathed and plastered.</p><br>
<p>The house has two doors, centered on the north and south elevations, and two windows on each of the four walls. The roof is shingled and a chimney rises through the center of the house. The building originally had a full cellar accessible through the pantry and an exterior hatch. The original internal configuration probably consisted of three rooms on the ground floor and two sleeping areas on the second floor. By 1979, when the National Register documentation was prepared, the first floor had been modified to contain a bedroom, pantry, bathroom, and kitchen.</p><br>
<h2>Origins</h2><br>
<p>The house was originally constructed near the St. Francis River in Santiago Township. From June 30, 1876, to fall of that same year, the plot passed quickly through its first three Euro-American owners: Ole Martinsen, Samuel P. Glidden, and Herbert and Eleanor Fox. Either of the first two must have constructed the house, as the Foxes&#39; grandson Bill Fox recalled his grandfather mentioning it was already built when he acquired the farmstead. The planks were cut at a sawmill powered by the St. Francis River in nearby Santiago.</p><br>
<p>Herbert M. Fox was born in 1849 in England, emigrated to Canada at age 16, then to Sherburne County, Minnesota, around 1868. After ten years he had saved up enough money to buy the 160 acre farmstead with this house. He married Eleanor Biggerstaff in 1879 and they had a son, John, two years later. In addition to the fields north and west of the house, the farm contained a barn, root cellar, milk cellar, windmill, and an orchard of Duchess apple trees, a plum tree, and eight sugar maple trees. Herbert Fox served as an enumerator for the 1880 USA Census and as Santiago Township&#39;s tax assessor in the 1880s and 1890s. John Fox married Nellie Bartholomew in 1917 and she moved into this home with her husband and his parents. Eleanor Fox died in 1923 and Herbert Fox in 1940, at the age of 91.</p><br>
<p>The farm had grown to 557 acre in 1961, when John Fox died and ownership passed to his and Nellie&#39;s sons William (Bill) and Irvin. In 1965 the property was among the 30,700 acre selected to become Sherburne National Wildlife Refuge, and the Foxes were obliged to sell the land to the federal government. A crew from the USA Fish and Wildlife Service began demolishing the Fox House, but immediately recognized its unusual construction and halted work for a historical assessment. State officials agreed the house was architecturally significant, and the Fox House was conserved in place. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980.</p><br>
<h2>Relocation</h2><br>
<p>In 1981, the construction of a new impoundment pond at Sherburne National Wildlife Refuge was going to isolate the Fox House, complicating its options for adaptive reuse. Federal, state, and local officials worked to move the house 20 mi next to the Sherburne County Historical Society in Becker. Initially on the citys outskirts, the site became subsumed by urban growth by the end of the 20th century, robbing it of its proper rural setting and constraining the historical societys interpretation efforts. In 2006 the Fox House was moved a second time, to the expansive grounds of the relocated Sherburne History Center north of Becker.</p><br>
<p>The Johannes Jansen House, also known as Johannes Jansen House and Dutch Barn, is located along Decker Road at the foot of the Shawangunk Ridge in the western section of the Town of Shawangunk, in Ulster County, New York, United States. It was started by Jansen, who had settled the area along with his brother Thomas, whose own house is a mile  to the southeast, in 1750. His son finished it in the newer Federal style 53 years later. The property also boasts a Dutch barn. Note: This includes</p><br>
<p>It and the house were added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1983.</p><br>
<p>The Wilcox Octagon House is a historic home in Camillus, New York, USA, that was built in 1856 and was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983. It was the farmhouse home of Isaiah Wilcox, who had a 40 acre farm. It is an octagon house of the type advocated by Orson Fowler, who wrote an influential book promoting use of octagonal home designs.</p><br>
<p>The Orchard Village neighborhood now occupies the majority of the old farm&#39;s land; the house remains on a plot of less than 1 acre.</p><br>
<p>It is located at 5420 West Genesee Street in Camillus.</p><br>
<h2>Photos</h2><br>
<p>The First Baptist Church of Camillus is a historic Baptist church located at 23 Genesee Street in the Village of Camillus, Onondaga County, New York. It is credited to architect Archimedes Russell and built in 1879–1880. It is a brick church building consisting of a rectangular nave with a steeply pitched gable roof, corner bell tower and steeple, and a hip roofed church hall at the rear. The Camillus Baptist Church was organized in 1804.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2001.</p><br>
<p>Amis House is a pioneer settlement in Hawkins County, Tennessee near Rogersville, built in 1780–2 by Thomas Amis, the father-in-law of Rogersville founder Joseph Rogers.</p><br>
<p>In addition to his stone house, which also served as an inn for travelers, Amis established a tavern, general store, distillery, saw mill, and grist mill. The property was surrounded by a palisade for protection from possible attack by Native Americans.</p><br>
<p>The Amis House property was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1973. Ownership of Amis House has remained in the Amis family. Current owners are Jake and Wendy Jacobs; Wendy is a descendant of Thomas Amis. Tours of the home and grounds are offered.</p><br>
<p>The Hawkins County Courthouse is the seat of county government for Hawkins County, Tennessee, United States, located in the city of Rogersville. It was built in 1836, it is one of six antebellum courthouses still in use in Tennessee, and it is the second oldest courthouse still in use in the state.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>County seat</h3><br>
<p>Hawkins County was organized in 1786 by the State of North Carolina; Rogersville, then called Hawkins Courthouse, was selected as the county seat due to the diligence of its founder and tireless promoter, Joseph Rogers (son-in-law to a prominent local settler, Colonel Thomas Amis, a French Huguenot who worked with the Irish-born Rogers after Rogers wedded Amis&#39; daughter Mary).</p><br>
<p>The seat of county government was established in the back of Rogers first tavern, a log structure that boasted an attached lean-to with jail-stocks. In 1796, when Tennessee attained statehood, it was in this log structure that the vote was tallied and proclaimed. In 1810, the State set up a circuit court for Hawkins County, prompting the county justices to build a newer, larger log-and-clapboard structure on what had become Rogersvilles Main Street (which corresponded to the Great Stage Road connecting Washington, D.C., with Knoxville and the Cumberland Gap to Kentucky). Chancery Court was first held in this building in 1825.</p><br>
<h3>Third courthouse</h3><br>
<p>By 1835, the county, now having three towns (Rogersville, Bulls Gap, and Surgoinsville), had outgrown its second, log-based courthouse, and the county set out to buy land and build a courthouse commensurate with growing Rogersville&#39;s new architectural prominence (as detailed below). The lot upon which the courthouse now stands was purchased from Louisiana Rogers Mitchell, daughter of town founder Joseph Rogers, who had bequeathed it to her in his will after his death in 1833. In 1836, the Mitchells sold the lot to the Justices of the Court of Common Pleas and Quarter Sessions of Hawkins County for $500. The justices planned to follow the patterns established in nearby Virginia and North Carolina in constructing their courthouse, and in 1836, they engaged John Dameron, the most prominent architect in the region, to draw up the plans for the new building.</p><br>
<h3>Architect</h3><br>
<p>The justices choice of Dameron was in keeping with the architects prior experience in Rogersville: he had already designed and overseen the construction of Rogersvilles First Presbyterian Church (ca. 1821) in Federal style and the Hale Springs Inn (ca. 1824) in Georgian style. He would later build the Second Presbyterian Church (todays Rogersville Presbyterian Church, ca. 1840) in Greek Revival style.</p><br>
<p>Dameron received the contract to build the new structure on November 28, 1836. Over the course of the next few weeks, he chose a different style for the new courthouse than any of his previous Rogersville designs. Thomas Jefferson had drawn plans for a courthouse in Botetourt County, Virginia in 1818, and Dameron, who grew up near the Botetourt county seat of Fincastle, was familiar with Jeffersons design. Further, Dameron was familiar with Thomas Crutchfields 1824 adaptation of Jefferson&#39;s Botetourt design (Crutchfield, too, was a native of Botetourt), the nearby Greene County Courthouse in Greeneville, Tennessee.</p><br>
<h3>Plans for the new courthouse</h3><br>
<p>The plan was basically an enlargement of the Botetourt design with the addition of a taller tower and a bell-shaped cupola with Georgian-style, copper finials. The Jeffersonian style chosen by Dameron combines Palladian proportions and themes with the late-Georgian neoclassicism characteristic of the early Republican period. Features included red brick construction; all-white painted columns; all-white painted trim; unfluted columns; Tuscan, Doric, Corinthian, or Ionic order capitals; portico-and-pediment primary entries; classical moldings; and square, round, octagonal, and fan-shaped windows or pediment openings.</p><br>
<p>The original Dameron design includes all the elements of Jeffersonian style: the Hawkins County Courthouse is built of red bricks laid in the Fleming bond pattern; it features all-white painted columns and trim, and unfluted Tuscan columns. Guilloche-patterned carving on the architrave of the thrice-repeated Palladian windows is also used in the roof cornice. Above a simple, double-doored main entrance is an elaborate double-door with a carved pediment adorned with dentils, fanlight and pilasters. On the first floor, twelve-over-twelve window openings are contrasted on the second floor with Palladian windows with Roman arch keystones (a motif repeated in the portico).</p><br>
<p>In the original design, a massive three-tiered tower is topped by a bell-shaped, copper cupola. The first and second tiers (which were of equal width) are cubic in shape, with large, Georgian-style painted shutters covering a false window opening. The third stage is octagonal, with Palladian-shaped, closed, Georgian-style painted shutters covering false openings. At the bottom of the cupola, the guilloche-patterned cornice molding was repeated with the octagonal bell cupola surmounted by a lightning-rod spire with a large, copper ball finial. Further Georgian influence can be detected in the original design&#39;s twin chimneys, which featured cornice-like molding that matched the dentils elsewhere on the structure. Inside the tower, in the third tier below the cupola, a large copper bell was used to call citizens to the courthouse for public functions (only 25 years later, in 1862, the bell was donated to the Confederacy, and shipped to Georgia to be melted down).</p><br>
<h3>1870 renovations</h3><br>
<p>The design was executed largely according to Dameron&#39;s plans, and remained intact for 33 years. In 1870, the main stairways, which Dameron had included inside the structure, were moved to the exterior in order to allow for greater room inside the main, second-floor courtroom. The structure then remain unchanged, except for the installation of a new bell and various maintenance updates, until 1929. In that year, the County Court authorized $42,000 for a new addition to the south end of the courthouse, and an updating of the rest of the building.</p><br>
<h3>1929 additions</h3><br>
<p>As a part of the 1929 renovations, Damerons original bell-shaped cupola and its second and third tower-tiers were removed. Using his towers first tier as a base, the new design added two octagonal tiers, neither of which were as wide as the original Dameron first tier. The new second tier was approximately the same height as Damerons old second tier, but instead of the Jeffersonian-inspired Georgian closed shutters, a traceried lunette was added on four sides of the octagonal tier. The lunette did, however, utilize the Roman-arch keystone motif from Damerons Palladian windows to connect the new with the old. The new third tier was only about a fourth of the height of the new second tier, and it served primarily as a base for the most dramatic change in the tower: the addition of an octagonal, shuttered belfry. The new element was designed to the make the overall height of the tower greater. Surmounting the belfry was a New England–style octagonal, copper spire that was topped by a spear-shaped copper finial and simple weathervane. Both the new belfry and the new spire included Dameron&#39;s guilloche-patterned carving. In addition, the 1929 renovations saw the balcony which had been constructed in 1870 when the staircases had been moved to the exterior portico restored to the central, second-floor doorway, and the stairs were moved back into the interior.</p><br>
<h3>2000 annex</h3><br>
<p>Following the 1929 renovations, no major changes occurred to the courthouse for 72 years. In 2000, the Hawkins County government, faced with burgeoning Kingsport suburbs in its eastern sections, had once again outgrown its courthouse. To accommodate the growth, the Hawkins County Commission (successor to the 1836 justices and 1929 County Court) purchased, remodeled, and restored the Mitchell Building (located just to the east of the Courthouse and built 1841) to serve as an annex to the courthouse for more courtrooms and for county office and archive space. As a part of these renovations, the exterior eastern wall of the courthouse was breached on its first and second floors in order to accommodate a glass-enclosed breezeway designed to connect the two buildings and provide elevator access for the courthouse&#39;s second floor (via an elevator in the Mitchell Building).</p><br>
<h3>Current use</h3><br>
<p>Today, the Hawkins County Courthouse and its annex remain the home of all county courts and county offices, except for the jail, Sheriffs Department, and County Mayors office. County government is still carried on here each month when the County Commission meets in the second-floor courtroom. The Hawkins County Courthouse, having continuously served as the seat of county government since 1836, is the second oldest courthouse in Tennessee still used for that purpose.</p><br>
<p>Today the courthouse houses the General Sessions, Circuit, and Chancery Courts of Hawkins County; hosts numerous administrative county offices; and serves as the meeting place for the county legislative body, the Hawkins County Board of Commissioners.</p><br>
<h2>National Register of Historic Places</h2><br>
<p>The courthouse is not listed as an entry on the USA National Register of Historic Places (though the Rogersville Main Street program is working with the Hawkins County Mayor&#39;s Office to have it added), but it is a contributing property of the Rogersville Historic District. As such, it is an historically significant part of the reason that the district was itself included on the National Register.</p><br>
<p>Price Public Elementary School, now known as Price Public Community Center and Swift Museum, is a former African-American school in Rogersville, Tennessee. It currently serves as a community center and home of the Swift Museum. The school was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1988.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The site of the school was dedicated to African-American education in 1868, when Alexander Fain, Jordan Netherland, Albert Jones and Nathaniel Mitchell bought the land "for the purpose of building a schoolhouse for the education of colored children." A schoolhouse was built and used until the early 1900s. The current building replaced it in 1922. Price Public Elementary School was considered a feeder school to Swift Memorial College (1883–1952), a private HBCU in Rogersville.</p><br>
<p>Price School operated until 1958, when it closed and its students were transferred to Swift High School, which was converted from a high school to a grade K-12 school. When integration took place in Rogersville, during the 1960s, the city&#39;s African-American elementary school students were transferred to Rogersville City School, also a K-8 institution. The Price School building was subsequently used as a cannery, a community center, and a storage building, then was abandoned and became run-down.</p><br>
<p>The building underwent a restoration beginning in the mid-1990s as a result of cooperative efforts between the town, the local African-American community, the local American Legion Auxiliary, the Chamber of Commerce, the Rogersville Heritage Association, and other civic organizations. The project was aided by a rural development grant from the USA Department of Agriculture. Following restoration, in 2003 the Price Public Community Center opened in the building.</p><br>
<p>The Swift Museum in the center opened to the public in 2008. The community center and museum offer resources for learning and teaching about African-American history and culture.</p><br>
<p>The Rogersville Historic District is a historic district in Rogersville, Tennessee, the county seat of Hawkins County. It is both a local historic district and a National Register of Historic Places historic district.</p><br>
<p>The local historic district established by the Town of Rogersville to safeguard, preserve, and protect hundreds of unique and historically significant structures in and around the towns downtown area. It comprises numerous neighborhoods and business areas, with architecture and significant historical events occurring throughout the history of the town, since its settlement by Davy Crocketts grandparents in 1775.</p><br>
<p>The street plan of the core of the district, which centers on Rogersvilles commercial and governmental hub, was designed by the towns founder, Joseph Rogers, when he petitioned the North Carolina General Assembly to establish a town at Hawkins Court House in 1786.</p><br>
<p>The local historic district is administered by the Town of Rogersville&#39;s Historic Preservation Commission, a governmental body. It includes numerous historically significant structures, including:</p><br>
<p>Hale Springs Inn, c. 1824</p><br>
<p>Hawkins County Courthouse, c. 1836</p><br>
<p>Overton Lodge, c. 1840</p><br>
<p>The entire Rogersville Historic District is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>The Newark Earthworks in Newark and Heath, Ohio, consist of three sections of preserved earthworks: the Great Circle Earthworks, the Octagon Earthworks, and the Wright Earthworks. This complex, built by the Hopewell culture between 100 BCE and 400 CE, contains the largest earthen enclosures in the world, and was about 3,000 acres in total extent. Less than 10 percent of the total site has been preserved since European-American settlement; this area contains a total of 206 acres. Newark&#39;s Octagon and Great Circle Earthworks are managed by the Ohio History Connection. A designated National Historic Landmark, in 2006 the Newark Earthworks was also designated as the "official prehistoric monument of the State of Ohio."</p><br>
<p>This is part of the Hopewell Ceremonial Earthworks, one of 14 sites nominated in January 2008 by the USA Department of the Interior for potential submission by the United States to the UNESCO World Heritage List. It was officially designated a World Heritage Site in September 2023 together with the earthworks at Hopewell Culture National Historical Park and Fort Ancient.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Built by the Hopewell culture between 100 BCE and 400 CE, the earthworks were used by the indigenous Native Americans as places of ceremony, social gathering, trade, worship, and honoring the dead. The primary purpose of the Octagon earthwork was believed to have been scientific. Scholars have demonstrated that the Octagon Earthworks comprise a lunar observatory for tracking the Moon&#39;s orbit during its 18.6-year cycle.</p><br>
<p>While limited, the Newark Earthwork site is the largest surviving Hopewell earthwork complex in North America. The culture built many earthen mounds. Over decades, they built what is the single largest earthwork enclosure complex in the Ohio River Valley. The earthworks cover several square miles.</p><br>
<p>The complex was one of hundreds of Native American ancient monuments identified and surveyed for the Smithsonian Institution in the mid-nineteenth century by Ephraim G. Squier and Edwin Hamilton Davis, from 1837 to 1847. The work that was published by a nascent Smithsonian Institution was titled Ancient Monuments of the Mississippi Valley. This study of the prehistoric Mound Builders of North America was a landmark in American scientific research and the early development of archaeology as a scientific discipline. The book was the first volume of the Smithsonian Institutions Contributions to Knowledge series and the Institutions first publication. Squier and Davis&#39; detailed and measured plan of the site is shown on this page.</p><br>
<h2>Great Circle Earthworks</h2><br>
<p>The 1,200 ft-wide Newark Earthworks Great Circle (located in Heath, OH) is one of the largest circular earthworks in the Americas, at least in construction effort. A 5 ft deep moat is encompassed by walls that are 8 ft high; at the entrance, the dimensions are even more grand.</p><br>
<p>Researchers have used archaeogeodesy and archaeoastronomy to analyze the placements, alignments, dimensions, and site-to-site interrelationships of the earthworks. This research has revealed that the prehistoric cultures in the area had advanced scientific understanding which they used as the basis of their complex construction.</p><br>
<h2>Octagon Earthworks</h2><br>
<p>The Octagon Earthworks consists of an Observatory Mound (connected at the southwestern edge of Observatory Circle), Observatory Circle (20 acres), and the connected Octagon (50 acres). The Octagon has eight 550 ft-long walls, from 5 ft to 6 ft high. The Octagon is joined by parallel walls to Observatory Circle.</p><br>
<p>In 1982 researchers from Earlham College in Richmond, Indiana concluded that the complex was a lunar observatory, designed to track motions of the moon, including the northernmost point of the 18.6-year cycle of the lunar orbit. When viewed from the observatory mound, the moon rises at that time within one-half of a degree of the octagon&#39;s exact center. The earthwork is twice as precise as the complex at Stonehenge (assuming Stonehenge is an observatory, which is a disputed theory).</p><br>
<p>From 1892 to 1908, the state of Ohio used the Octagon Earthworks as a militia encampment. Immediately after this, the Newark Board of Trade owned the property, until 1918. In 1910, the property was leased to Mound Builders Country Club (MBCC), which developed the site as a golf course. As a result of a Licking County Common Pleas Court case, a trustee was named to manage the property from 1918 to 1933.</p><br>
<p>In 1997 the Ohio Historical Society (now the Ohio History Connection) signed a lease until 2078 with the country club. MBCC maintains, secures, and provides restricted public access to the land. Some citizens believe the country club is an inappropriate use of the sacred site. There has been increasing public interest in the earthworks. Activists have pressed for more public access to the site to witness the moonrise, which observance was planned in the design and construction by the original native builders.</p><br>
<h2>Wright Earthworks</h2><br>
<p>The Wright Earthworks consist of a fragment of a geometrically near-perfect square enclosure and part of one wall that originally formed a set of parallel embankments, which led from the enclosure to a large oval yard. The Newark square&#39;s sides formerly ranged from about 940 ft to 950 ft in length, enclosing a total area of about 20 acres.</p><br>
<p>Much of the square enclosure and its associated mounds was destroyed during nineteenth-century European-American development: construction related to building the Ohio Canal, as well as the streets and houses of the city of Newark. Clearing and cultivation of fields for farming also destroyed much of the monument. The remaining segment of one wall of the square is less than 200 ft long.</p><br>
<p>The Wright Earthworks are named in honor of Mrs. Frances Rees Wright, who donated the site in 1934 to the Ohio Historical Society.</p><br>
<p>Color photos are of the Great Circle, located in Heath. The black-and-white photos of the Octagon Earthworks in Newark were taken from the air in the 1980s, showing the interposition of country club golf sand traps and greens with the surviving parts of the ancient circles, walls, Observatory Circle and Octagon.</p><br>
<p>The Ansorge Hotel is a turn of the 20th century two-story building in Curlew, Washington. It was built in 1907 next to the Great Northern Railway and Republic and Kettle Valley Railway lines. Several patrons of historical note are thought to have stayed at the hotel, including Henry Ford. The hotel went through several owners before it shut down in the 1970s. Soon after that, a historical conservation review led to its current National Register of Historic Places status. Restoration efforts in the 1980s, followed by operation as a museum and historic landmark, were undertaken by the Kettle River History club.</p><br>
<h2>Railroad "boom town"</h2><br>
<p>With the incorporation of the Republic and Kettle Valley Railway, a private railway based in Republic, Washington, Curlew was identified as a major stopping point on the proposed line between the gold mines in Republic and connection to the transcontinental railways at Grand Forks, British Columbia. Both the Republic and Kettle Valley Railway and the competing Washington & Great Northern Railway, subsidiary of the Great Northern Railway, arrived in Curlew in 1902; their lines ran nearly parallel from Malo through Curlew to Grand Forks.</p><br>
<p>The prediction of a "railroad boom" to benefit Curlew and its immediate vicinity prompted William Ansorge, who arrived the same year, to start looking at construction of a hotel near the railroad depots proposed location. It is debated whether Ansorge built first and bought the city lots later, or bought the lots and then built. Local oral history states the first hotel was built and opened in 1903, however records of the county assessor show the city lots being purchased in 1904. Ansorges first building is described as a simple frame construction, and with the completion of the current building in 1907, it was moved to the back of the hotel property and named the "Ansorge Annex" where it housed a series of different businesses.</p><br>
<p>The new larger building comprised a two story wood frame building with a rectangular footprint. Three sides of the roofline are mounted by an overhanging cornice which surrounds the roof parapet, itself enclosing the shed roof of the hotel. The siding of the new building was clad in tin sheet metal stamped to resemble rustic stone blocks. The original color of the tin was a dark gray, but the building was soon painted pale gray with white entablature between the first and second stories plus white trim. The unpainted tin is only present on the inside side of the parapet.</p><br>
<p>Both rail lines were late to the area however, and the height of the Republic gold boom was already over with the evaporation of a gold boom, Curlew never grew above around 300 people and its "whistle stop" days on the Great Northern Railway faded. In 1909, Ansorge was granted a state liquor license and converted the "Ansorge Annex" from its prior functions into a saloon for the hotel and town. The regular dinner service provided in the dining room was ended by 1922 due to diminishing patronage, and the saloon annex was eventually torn down to be replaced with a laundromat.</p><br>
<h2>Ownership and management</h2><br>
<p>The first change of management started in 1911 with William Ansorge being investigated and subsequently convicted for violating Washington state liquor law. When he was arrested on May 5, the charge of "selling liquor to an Indian" was given as a reason. Upon initial conviction by Judge Pendergast in the town of Republic, Ansorge was released on bail pending appeal to the state&#39;s supreme court. After the ruling, Ansorge turned over running of the hotel to his wife and her family the Keihls; they promptly leased the hotel and its operations to Augusta and George Thomas, who took over on June 1 of the same year. for a period of three years. William Ansorge never returned to running the hotel; he gave up appealing his conviction, and in December 1911 he began serving his sentence in the Walla Walla State Penitentiary.</p><br>
<p>When the lease to the Thomases expired in 1914, the Keihls managed it themselves for several years before again turning management over to others. In 1917 Leo Strassburg and his wife took over as managers, and stayed until the late 1940s. Responsibility once again reverted to the Keihls, and members of the family sporadically operated and lived in the building through the 1950s. In 1964 the hotel was sold to Louella Burns and Mr. and Mrs. Richard Lembeke, all of Curlew; they kept it open until 1977. After it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1979, ownership of the hotel was transferred in the 1980s to the Kettle River Historical Club.</p><br>
<h2>Famous patrons</h2><br>
<p>On July 31, 1917, the hotel possibly hosted one of its most prominent guests, with the register for that day having the signature of a "Henry Ford, Detroit Mich.", Local history maintains this was industrialist Henry Ford and as such a photograph of the signature, which is slightly different from Ford&#39;s typical style, was sent to the Ford Motor Company in the 1970s for verification. A definite answer was not able to be given by Henry Ford Museum of American Innovation confirming the signature, however he was traveling in the west during the timeframe in question and did have relatives in the Okanogan Highlands region. Additional local lore suggests the patronage at some time early in the Ansorge Hotels history by James J. Hill, director of the Great Northern.</p><br>
<h2>Notable happenings</h2><br>
<p>Possibly in 1912 under the Thomases&#39; management or just before their tenure, the first long distance telephone in the region was installed in the hotel lobby – it was the only long distance telephone line in the region until the 1950s. The window casings and siding of the hotel on the side that faced the fire were badly scorched, and all the windows on that side were broken by the intense heat.</p><br>
<p>During the years of prohibition, the hotel played a role in the region&#39;s rum-running. Barrels of Canadian liquor were placed into the Kettle River upstream of town and allowed to float downstream across the Canada–United States border until they reached Curlew. On occasions when revenue agents were staying in the Ansorge, a red light was placed in an upstairs bay window to signal the American rum-runners that they should not retrieve the liquor in town.</p><br>
<p>As a result of the 1918 Senate election, a series of hearings was conducted in the 69th United States Congress by the United States Senate Select Committee on Senatorial Elections to investigate allegations of improper funding of election campaigns. During the hearing convened in Seattle on October 23, 1926, and presided over by Senator Charles L. McNary, testimony was taken from Sam R. Sumner regarding impropriety by Democratic Senate candidate A. Scott Bullitt. Sumner, of the Washington state Republican Committee, included a placard as exhibit 13 for his testimony; it was intended for the Ansorge Hotel where it would likely have been displayed in a window to indicate the Ansorge Hotels support for Bullitts position on repealing the Federal Sunday closing law, showing a copy of a Seattle Star article.</p><br>
<h2>Historic registration and restoration</h2><br>
<p>In January 1979 the Ansorge Hotel was one of six buildings or sites in Eastern Washington that had been submitted for consideration to the National Register of Historic Places. Official acceptance came the week of April 4, 1979, for both the Ansorge and another Ferry County site, the Nelson-Grunwell store in Danville, both submitted by the Washington State Advisory Council on Historic Preservation. Addition to the NRHP opened access to restoration funding and protected the building from alterations considered to be arbitrary.</p><br>
<p>In the 1980s, the Ansorge Hotel became the target of the Kettle River History club for restoration and operation as a museum, a goal the group accomplished in part in time for the 1989 Washington State Centennial. The centennial was timed in conjunction with the opening of the Malo Car & Truck Museum and the activities of both the Kettle Valley Songbird Festival and the Curlew Arts Summit.</p><br>
<h2>Amenities and layout</h2><br>
<p>The front of the building faces the former location of the Great Northern rail depot, The second floor&#39;s single toilet and bath are in a standalone room in the center of the second floor; a "day room" include internal doors that can be used to close off the bay area, and one of the corner rooms was designated the "honeymoon suit".</p><br>
<p>The Ansorge was one of the few buildings in the region to have running indoor water</p><br>
<p>The first floor was also used for varied purposes. The kitchen, in the northwest corner, has been upgraded to appliances of the 1960s and 1970s, while the dining room in the southwest was eventually converted into a living room with little modification. The lobby in the southeast also served as a barber shop area, and many of the fixtures for both purposes are still in place; it now serves as the museums gift shop. A glass cigar case and display counter area which are first seen in a 1930s-era photograph are still present in the lobby section. One of the original fixtures in the lobby, a nickel operated (nickelodeon), wax cylinder hexaphone phonograph is still in working condition and present. The northeastern corner room was a originally a bar that converted to soda fountain and pool room during prohibition, it houses the heating plant for the building, and for a time was used for storage. The room was renovated into a restoration of the Helphrey Brothers Curlew Store, for which the original stores furnishings, counter, and cash register were used. A small toilet cubicle is located in the center of the ground floor, under the second floor restroom, and is accessible from both the lobby and the bar rooms.</p><br>
<p>A partially finished basement area with walls constructed of local stone is accessed via a trap door on one side of the building. The original annex building turned saloon was torn down and replaced with a more modern building of shed roof design, and most recently housed the Curlew Laundromat. The ground floor door from the hotel into the laundromat building was inoperable as of the 1970s, while the second floor access way led to the attic space above the laundromat.</p><br>
<h2>Modern day</h2><br>
<p>Much of the building is unchanged; only the installation of electricity, and updates to that, to the heating plant, and to the kitchen appliances are identifiable in pictures from the early years. The structure has been mostly restored and contains many of the original fixtures and furniture in many of the rooms. As late as 2003 the museum was opened regularly on summer weekends, but tours had been changed to by appointment only. The Ansorge is the last remaining old hotel in Ferry County.</p><br>
<p>The General Society of Mechanics and Tradesmen of the City of New York is an educational and cultural association at 20 West 44th Street in Midtown Manhattan, New York City. It was founded on November 17, 1785, by 22 men who gathered in Walter Heyers public-house at No. 75 King Street , one block from Wall Street, in Lower Manhattan. The aims of the General Society were to provide cultural, educational and social services to families of skilled craftsmen. The General Society during this early period celebrated the mutuality and centrality of the craft community. Besides its charitable activities, the society played a prominent part in the festivities that marked patriotic holidays, carrying banners emblazoned with its slogan By hammer and hand all arts do stand&#39;, echoing the motto of the Worshipful Company of Blacksmiths.</p><br>
<p>The city of New York and the Society both benefited from the decision to make New York the seat of the Federal Government. In 1789, legislators and their assistants and families began to pour into the city. Business prospects brightened considerably. In 1792, the Society attained a membership of 413, and received a charter of incorporation. Old documents reveal that the Society was quite active in the last years of the 18th century, corresponding with other business related associations, and petitioning the state legislature in the interests of industrial progress.</p><br>
<h2>Educational programing</h2><br>
<p>In 1820, The General Society opened one of the citys first free schools. During the early 1800s, New York had no public school system and only two free schools were to be found in the whole city – one in the almshouse, and the other open only to the children of formerly enslaved Black Americans. The new school opened with 70 students. Children of members were admitted free of charge, and a small fee was required from all others. Later that same year the Society added a separate school for girls. The first school, which became the Mechanics Institute in 1858 following the Mechanics Institute worldwide tradition, continues to provide tuition-free evening instruction in trades-related education. It is the oldest privately endowed tuition-free technical school in the city of New York, with more than 180,000 alumni.</p><br>
<h3>Library</h3><br>
<p>Also founded in 1820, the General Society Library is the second oldest in New York City. The Librarys main reading room—which houses The Crouse Library for Publishing Arts—soars to a height of three stories topped by a magnificent skylight. The establishment of the Apprentices Library put the Society well in the forefront of social reform. Later in the century there would be a great boom in libraries, and much thought would be directed toward public education, but in 1820 such ideas were still new, and the Apprentices&#39; Library was one of the first public libraries in the city of New York. Its aim was to provide good and instructive reading for apprentice boys who worked all day, and had no other access to books and the library therefore kept evening hours.</p><br>
<p>In 1833, by amendment to its charter, the Society was authorized to increase its usefulness by reserving a portion of its income for the purposes of "promoting and disseminating literary and scientific knowledge," which was determined could be best done by means of lectures, and more recently, through the cultural and educational activities of the New York Center for Independent Publishing. The lecture series, which began in 1837—and continues today—featured such illuminaries as Ralph Waldo Emerson, Henry Ward Beecher, Horace Greeley, Wendell Phillips, and Rear – Admiral Robert E. Peary. Known today as the Labor, Landmarks and Literature Lecture Series, the series continues the Society&#39;s long tradition of public lectures.</p><br>
<p>Individual Society members must have been prospering during these years, too. It was during the 1830s that the French observer Chevalier made this comment about the American mechanic and tradesmen: "He dresses like a member of Congress, and his women-folk dress the same as those of a wealthy New York merchant. His house is warm, neat, and comfortable; his table almost as plentifully provided as that of the wealthiest fellow-citizen."</p><br>
<p>In 1878, the General Society opened the new Apprentices Library at its headquarters at No. 18 East 16th Street ("on Sixteenth-street, near Union-square") to house its collection of 60,000 books, mostly "practical works in serviceable bindings" of use to its 8,000 members. These members of the Apprentices Library included about 4,000 apprentices and 3,000 "girls in shops", along with members of the general public, who paid $2 per year, and General Society members. The building had room for up to 100,000 books and featured an on-site residence for the librarian and janitor.</p><br>
<h3>College scholarships</h3><br>
<p>During the 1840s the Society also provided college scholarships. It was decided that each year two students from Mechanics Institute would attend the University of the City of New York, free of charge. In addition, the society paid to send certain students to other schools.</p><br>
<p>The library continued to be well patronized during these years, and in 1845, Benjamin DeMilt, a watchmaker and former president of the Society, bequeathed his entire personal library to the Society, adding 1,800 volumes to the collection.</p><br>
<h3>Social reform</h3><br>
<p>The Society continued in its role as a pioneer in social reform by maintaining separate courses for women. In 1887, these classes for young women included stenography and typewriting – a very innovative idea at a time when few women were integrated into the office work force.</p><br>
<p>In 1861, when the Civil War broke out, the Society placed itself firmly behind the government of Abraham Lincoln. About $8,000 in government bonds were purchased and many Society members enlisted in the New York Volunteer Corps of Engineers.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>In 1802, the Society bought a property at 239 Broadway and soon established Mechanics Hall there. In 1831 it moved to 30–36 Crosby Street and in 1843 moved again to the Crosby Street Annex at 472 Broadway. In 1877 it moved yet again to No. 18 Sixteenth Street where it had purchased land and built a new building.</p><br>
<p>In 1885, the Society celebrated its centennial with a banquet at Delmonicos Restaurant, which was well attended both by Society members and by public officials. The Societys growth continued, and in 1899 the organization moved to its fifth location at 20 West 44th Street.</p><br>
<p>Between 1899 and 1908, Andrew Carnegie, a Society member, contributed over half a million dollars to the Society. Generous gifts came in from other members as well, and by 1913 attendance at Mechanics Institute had reached 2,300. The curriculum then included such "mechanical age" courses as automobile drafting and industrial electricity.</p><br>
<p>The fifth home at 20 West 44th Street, across from the Harvard Club of New York City, is a New York City designated landmark and listed on the National Register of Historic Places. Originally designed by Lamb and Rich and constructed as the Berkeley School for Boys, the building was acquired by The General Society in 1899. Member and steel magnate Andrew Carnegie provided the funds to significantly expand the building in 1903. In order to accommodate more students, two wings were added to the rear and three new upper stories replaced an original fourth-floor gymnasium. The expansion was designed by Ralph S. Townsend and blends monumental Beaux Arts classicism with Renaissance elements.</p><br>
<h2>Museum</h2><br>
<p>The Society is also home to the John M. Mossman Lock Museum. The Mossman collection represents one of the most complete anthologies of bank and vault locks in the world, with more than 370 locks, keys and tools dating from 4000 BC to the modern 20th-century. The museum is open to the public.</p><br>
<h2>Notable members</h2><br>
<p>Notable General Society members include Duncan Phyfe (furniture maker), James Harper (publisher, 66th mayor of NYC), Peter Cooper (inventor, industrialist), Nathaniel Currier (lithographer), John Bishop Putnam (printer and publisher), Andrew Carnegie (industrialist and philanthropist), Abram S. Hewitt (Glue Manufacturer, 87th mayor of NYC) and former presidents of the society: Stephen Allen (sailmaker, 55th mayor of NYC), Gideon Lee (shoemaker, 61st mayor of NYC), and Jacob Aaron Westervelt (shipbuilder, 72nd mayor of NYC).</p><br>
<p>The Garrett-Bullock House is a historic Queen Anne-style house in Columbus, Georgia. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980.</p><br>
<p>It was owned by Joseph Garrett, owner of a Broad Street wholesale liquor-and tobacco business known as "Garrett & Sons", and became a boarding house.</p><br>
<p>The Garrett-Bullock House may have been used as a special events center for weddings and parties.</p><br>
<p>It is separately listed in the National Register and also included in the High Uptown Historic District.</p><br>
<p>The Bullard-Hart House in Columbus, Georgia was built during 1887-90 for Dr. William L. Bullard, Columbus physician and pioneer ear, eye, nose, and throat specialist.</p><br>
<p>The house is a splendid example of Second Empire Victorian architecture. It was designed by architect L. E. Thornton of New York.</p><br>
<p>The Bullard family lived here for 90 years. Their guests included President Franklin D. Roosevelt and Generals George Patton and George Marshall who dined on "Country Captain," a popular regional dish originated by the family cook, Arie Mullins.</p><br>
<p>The house was listed on the USA National Register of Historic Places in 1977.</p><br>
<p>It was painstakingly restored in 1978 by new owners, Dr. and Mrs. Lloyd Sampson.</p><br>
<p>First Church of Christ, Scientist was a Prairie School church building located at 412 West Main Street, in Marshalltown, Iowa, United States. Designed by architect, Hugh M.G. Garden, it was once on the National Register of Historic Places, but was bulldozed in August, 1985, and was later removed from the National Register.</p><br>
<h2>National register listing</h2><br>
<p>First Church of Christ, Scientist ** (added 1998 - Building - #79000915)</p><br>
<p>412 W. Main St., Marshalltown</p><br>
<p>Historic Significance: Architecture/Engineering</p><br>
<p>Architect, builder, or engineer: Garden, Hugh M.G.</p><br>
<p>Architectural Style: Prairie School</p><br>
<p>Area of Significance: Architecture</p><br>
<p>Period of Significance: 1900-1924</p><br>
<p>Owner: Private</p><br>
<p>Historic Function: Religion</p><br>
<p>Historic Sub-function: Religious Structure</p><br>
<p>Current Function: Religion</p><br>
<p>Current Sub-function: Religious Structure</p><br>
<p>The Harvest Time Family Worship Center, is a historic building that houses a Pentecostal congregation located in Davenport, Iowa, United States. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1984 as the First Church of Christ, Scientist.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The First Church of Christ, Scientist was established in Davenport in 1892 by 16 practitioners as a branch of the mother church in Boston. They built this building, which was designed by the prominent Davenport architectural firm of Clausen & Clausen, in 1912. A Christian Science Reading Room was opened downtown. First Church moved in the 1970s to a new facility on Fairhaven Road in Davenport.</p><br>
<p>The Harvest Time Family Worship Center was founded by the Revs. James and Cecelia Lee as the Pentecostal Deliverance Church in 1972. It was located in the 1500 block of Fillmore Street at the time. The congregation moved to this location in 1980.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The historic structure is a severe example of the Neoclassical style. The cross plan of the building is the only religious symbolism employed. It is very similar in that way to the original St. Anthony&#39;s Catholic Church (1836) downtown. The main facade is dominated by the tetrastyle temple front with columns in antis that follow the Doric order. The main entrance into the church is recessed behind the tetrastyle "screen" and it is surmounted by a fanlight. The entry itself is made up of three openings and follows a Palladian motif. The central opening features a rounded arch. At the crossing in the center of the structure is a polygonal belvedere. The wood and concrete structure is covered with stucco.</p><br>
<p>The Bishop Portier House is a historic residence in Mobile, Alabama, United States. It sits diagonally across from the Cathedral of the Immaculate Conception, and faces Cathedral Square. It is owned by the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Mobile. The house, built c. 1834, is one of Mobile&#39;s best surviving examples of a Creole cottage with neoclassical details. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on February 26, 1970, and subsequently was added to the Historic Roman Catholic Properties in Mobile Multiple Property Submission also.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The house is named for Michael Portier, Mobile&#39;s first Roman Catholic bishop, who made this his home from 1834, until his death in 1859. The house was designed by Claude Beroujon, a seminarian architect and nephew of Portier. Four subsequent bishops resided here until 1906. Fr. Abram Ryan, poet-priest of the South, occupied the northwest corner room on the second floor from 1870, until 1877. The residence was restored by the archdiocese in 1958, and again in 2007. In 1970, it was placed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The structure is frame with clapboarding, and plastered gallery. It is one and one-half stories, with a square plan, and a center hall running from front to rear. It has a gabled roof encompassing full-length galleries, front and rear, on slender columns. There are three ornate dormers with classical detail. The center entrance is framed by pilasters, entablature, transom, and side lights.</p><br>
<p>The former First Church of Christ, Scientist, located at 23 3rd Street, N.W. in Mason City, Iowa, is a historic structure that was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1997, It was designed by Minneapolis architect Clyde W. Smith and was deemed significant as a notable example of 1920s architectural eclecticism. It includes elements of Romanesque and Gothic Revival styles. Further, according to its NRHP nomination: "The design of the building reflects the propensity of Christian Scientists to break with traditional church planning and design. The building features no symbols, icons or other typical religious ornamentation that would be representative of a religious hall. Instead it reflects an &#39;advance design&#39; exhibited in the highest quality construction techniques and standards of the era."</p><br>
<p>It now houses professional offices.</p><br>
<p>Orange Center Historic District is a historic district encompassing the historic civic, commercial, and industrial heart of Orange, Massachusetts in the United States. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1989.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The area that is now the center of Orange was settled around 1785, when a bridge was built across the Millers River, which flows through it in a westerly direction toward the Connecticut River. The town grew in the first half of the 19th century as an industrial area, and its growth increased substantially with the arrival of the railroad in 1846. It became widely known in the second half of the 19th century for the manufacture of sewing machines. The town&#39;s economy declined during the Great Depression, and has been at a lower ebb since then.</p><br>
<p>The historic district is roughly linear, extending north–south along North and South Main Streets from School Street in the north to River Street on the south side of the Miller River. It extends for a short distance along East and West Main Streets. Included in its roughly 12 acre are 37 historically significant buildings, most of which are commercial brick or wood-frame buildings in a variety of styles. Also included are the town hall (built 1868), two churches, railroad-related infrastructure including a surviving freight house. At the northern end of North Main Street are a few period residences, including an ornate Italianate French House that now serves as the home to the local historical society. The Grand Army of the Republic Hall was torn down in the early 1990s.</p><br>
<p>The district was the site of several industrial companies, including:</p><br>
<p>Grout Automobile Company (1900-1912)</p><br>
<p>New Home Sewing Machine Company</p><br>
<p>Rodney Hunt Company</p><br>
<p>Chase Turbine company</p><br>
<p>a modern box factory and a shoe factory (1887)</p><br>
<p>Leavitt Machine Company (1890)</p><br>
<p>Whitman Grocery Company (1894) which made Tapioca</p><br>
<p>two tool plants, (1903 and 1908)</p><br>
<p>Pressmens Home is a non-abandoned ghost town and former headquarters for the International Printing Pressmen and Assistants Union of North America from 1911 to 1967, in the Poor Valley area of Hawkins County, Tennessee, United States, nine miles north of Rogersville. It included a trade school, a sanitarium, a retirement home, a hotel, a post office, a chapel, a hydroelectric power production plant, telecommunication utilities, and other facilities designed to make it a self-sufficient community.</p><br>
<p>The entire site of the complex is listed on the National Register of Historic Places as a historic district.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Pressmens Home was the brainchild of George L. Berry, who grew up near the site in Hawkins County. After he became president of the Pressmens Union, he convinced union leaders to purchase the Hale Springs Resort, a mineral springs retreat. The buildings from the resort formed the core of Pressmen&#39;s Home around which later facilities were constructed.</p><br>
<p>As the union grew, so did Pressmens Home, adding larger and more elaborate facilities. In its heyday, Pressmens Home was a self-sufficient town that even provided its own electricity (several years before the Tennessee Valley Authority did the same for the rest of Hawkins County).</p><br>
<p>Beginning in the mid-1960s pressure from competing unions to lobby the USA federal government was beginning to convince leaders of the union that their location in rural East Tennessee was becoming detrimental to the interests of the union. The union announced it was moving its headquarters in 1967; lack of funding and merger with other printing unions led to the closure of Pressmen&#39;s Home as a retirement facility for union members in 1969.</p><br>
<p>Since the union left, several schemes have been proposed to revive the site, including tourist resort, retirement community, and even a state penitentiary.</p><br>
<p>In the 1970s, the site was purchased by an investment group, and was partially re-developed into a resort complex called Camelot, and designated tracts of land on the site to be vacation homes.</p><br>
<p>Today the only active project is a golf course and country club that sometimes operates a restaurant and other events. The factory is also still in use. Buildings on the property have fallen into disrepair, been demolished, and several have burned down due to fires that started by accident or by arson.</p><br>
<h2>Post office</h2><br>
<p>Pressmens Home had a post office from 1914 to 1971. It closed three years after the union moved. A second post office operated in Pressmens Home as Camelot from 1971 to 1975.</p><br>
<h2>Major facilities</h2><br>
<h3>Administration Building</h3><br>
<p>The Administration Building was built in 1912 and was the original location of the Trade School. After new Trade School facilities were built in 1947, the building housed the executive offices of the union&#39;s international president and secretary-treasurer. The Membership Records Department, the Accounting Department, the Service Bureau and the editorial offices were also housed here.</p><br>
<p>The building was abandoned after the union left Pressmen&#39;s Home in 1969.</p><br>
<h3>Home Building</h3><br>
<p>The Home Building was built in 1911. It was under construction when the union moved its headquarters to Pressmen&#39;s Home after purchasing the Hale Springs Resort.</p><br>
<p>It was built to house the visitors that had formerly visited the Hale Springs (which were believed to have medicinal qualities, due to the high sulphur concentrations in the spring water). The building was home to many international officers while they stayed at Pressmen&#39;s Home. After a hotel was completed in 1926, the building became known as simply "The Home," and it was used as an apartment complex for full-time residents. The Home was equipped with a kitchen, dining room, pool room, and other amenities.</p><br>
<p>This building also fell into disrepair after the Union left in 1969, and was unfortunately lost to an arson fire years later.</p><br>
<h3>Tuberculosis sanitorium</h3><br>
<p>The sanatorium was built in 1916. In the early years of printing it was thought that exposure to printer&#39;s ink was a cause for tuberculosis. The union was interested in the welfare of its members, so the hospital was completely staffed, adequately equipped, and ideally situated for combating the deadly disease within the means of the technology of the times.</p><br>
<p>Union members who contracted the disease could receive care at no charge. Many who died from the disease are buried in the cemetery at Pressmen&#39;s Home.</p><br>
<p>The building closed in 1961 and was demolished in 1962, to make way for other facilities before the union left.</p><br>
<h3>Hotel Pressuaina</h3><br>
<p>In 1926, a four-story hotel was built to accommodate union members and their families who came to Pressmen&#39;s Home to train at the Trade School.</p><br>
<p>The hotels facade was made from sandstone from a quarry located on the premises. The lobby had a beautiful tile floor and an adjacent reading room. Home-cooked meals were prepared for the hotels guests, largely from on-site facilities that included a dairy farm for milk, chickens for eggs and poultry, a large vegetable garden, and hog lot for pork. The guest rooms were appointed with iron beds and dressers.</p><br>
<p>The hotel was destroyed in October 1994 by arson.</p><br>
<h3>Memorial Chapel</h3><br>
<p>The Memorial Chapel was built in 1926 as a non-denominational church dedicated to the memory of union members who died in World War I. Later, the chapel&#39;s dedication was expanded to include all people who had served in United States and Canadian military service since that time.</p><br>
<p>The chapel was designed by architect John Sheridan in the Italianate style and was built of native sandstone. It had stained glass windows from Louis Comfort Tiffany and a fresco painting on its ceiling. At the time of its construction, it was thought to be the only church owned by a labor union. Outside the chapel, in a garden, stood the printing press upon which the design of the union&#39;s logo was based.</p><br>
<p>George L. Berry, the president of the union and founder of Pressmens Home, was interred in a mausoleum near the chapel. Both the chapel and the mausoleum still stand today, although the Berrys remains have been relocated to the town cemetery in Rogersville.</p><br>
<h3>Trade School building</h3><br>
<p>The Trade School building was built in 1948. It was the cornerstone of the educational and training program at Pressman&#39;s Home.</p><br>
<p>The school housed over $500,000 (the equivalent of more than $5.4 million in 2007) in presses and equipment. The school provided training in letterpress, gravure, and offset presses, ink mixing, camera, stripping, platemaking, color separation, and bindery operations. All of the equipment was provided to Pressman&#39;s Home by the manufacturer on a loan basis.</p><br>
<p>This trade school was an attempt by the union to set itself apart from its union competitors. Trainees were required to have been in the union for five years; however, many people from the Hawkins County area were allowed to train at the school at no charge without any experience. The building burned on November 24th, 2024.</p><br>
<p>The Robert F. Kennedy Department of Justice Building, sometimes called Main Justice, is the headquarters of the United States Department of Justice. It houses Department of Justice offices, including the office of the United States Attorney General. The building was completed in 1935. In 2001, it was renamed after Robert F. Kennedy, the 64th Attorney General of the United States.</p><br>
<p>The building is located at 950 Pennsylvania Avenue NW, on a trapezoidal lot on the block bounded by Pennsylvania Avenue to the north, Constitution Avenue to the south, 9th Street to the east, and 10th Street NW to the west, in the Federal Triangle. It is located west of the National Archives Building, east of the Internal Revenue Service Building, north of the National Mall, and south of the J. Edgar Hoover Building. The building is owned by the General Services Administration. It comprises seven floors and 1.2 e6sqft.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Construction</h3><br>
<p>The Office of the Attorney General was created by the 1st United States Congress by the Judiciary Act of 1789. In 1792, the Congress made the Attorney General a Cabinet-level post.</p><br>
<h3>19th century</h3><br>
<p>In 1870, President Ulysses S. Grant signed the bill creating the Department of Justice. Still, there was not yet a permanent home for either the Attorney General or the Justice Department, and each had occupied a succession of temporary spaces in federal government buildings and privately owned office buildings. While plans to provide the department with its own building were developed as early as 1910, it was not until the late 1920s that significant progress was made toward this goal.</p><br>
<h3>20th century</h3><br>
<p>In 1908 and in 1928, Congress authorized the purchase of land in what is now known as the Federal Triangle for departmental offices. The authorization was part of a wave of government construction; the 1926 Public Buildings Act permitted the government to hire private architects for the design of federal buildings, which led to large-scale construction of public buildings, including the development of the 70 acre Federal Triangle site between the Capitol and the White House. Treasury Secretary Andrew W. Mellon and the Board of Architectural Consultants, composed of leading architects and headed by Edward H. Bennett of the Chicago architectural firm of Bennett, Parsons & Frost, developed design guidelines for the site. Under Bennett&#39;s direction, each member of the board designed one of the buildings in the Federal Triangle complex to "provide each government agency or bureau with a building that would address its functional needs, while combining the individual buildings into a harmonious, monumental overall design expressive of the dignity and authority of the federal government."</p><br>
<p>Milton Bennett Medary of the Philadelphia firm Zantzinger, Borie & Medary was selected as the architect for the Department of Justice Building; upon Medary&#39;s death in 1929, the project was taken over by his two partners Charles L. Borie Jr. and Clarence C. Zantzinger.</p><br>
<p>In 1930, Congress appropriated $10 million for the construction of a permanent Department of Justice headquarters in the Federal Triangle. The building was constructed from 1931 to 1934. Upon completion in 1935, the building finally provided a headquarters for the Attorney General and Department of Justice. 1% of the cost of its construction was for art; between 1935 and 1941, 68 murals were painted in the building (an example of New Deal art).</p><br>
<p>In 1966, the Department of Justice building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places as part of the Pennsylvania Avenue National Historic Site.</p><br>
<p>In 1974, the Federal Bureau of Investigation, which had been headquartered in the same building as the Justice Department, moved into its own headquarters at the J. Edgar Hoover Building across the street on Pennsylvania Avenue. In 1978, the United States Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court (FISC) was established after the passage of the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act. The court of 11 judges appointed by the Chief Justice of the United States (increased from seven by the USA PATRIOT Act) meets in secret.</p><br>
<h3>21st century</h3><br>
<p>From March 1998 to January 2006, major renovations to the building took place, including work on plumbing, electrical wiring, heating and cooling, and elevators. The project included replication of original lighting for the buildings corridors and other ornamental spaces. A new $3.1 million conference center and "data room" were built, the main library and executive suites were restored, and a new mechanical, electrical and plumbing (MEP) system was installed. The projects submitting firm and construction manager was the Gilbane Building Company, the architectural firm was Burt Hill Kosar Rittelmann Associates, the structural engineering firm was Delon Hampton Associates, and the mechanical/electrical engineer was H.F. Lenz Company.</p><br>
<p>Several difficulties were present: The building had to remain operational during renovations, and hazardous materials were involved, with a large-scale asbestos abatement effort, lead paint removal, and the handling of mercury-vapor lamps with PCBs. The Gilbane Building Company established a "stop-work" rule to halt construction when hazardous material was discovered. An additional complication was security concerns, because of sensitive and classified information in the building. According to Building Design & Construction, construction personnel were "classified into three tiers and were permitted access to specific building areas based on these three levels of security clearance." The extensive murals, sculptures, and plaster reliefs in the building were protected with shields during the construction, and temperature, humidity, and dust controls were installed.</p><br>
<p>The cost of the renovations was $142 million, but the project came in $4.2 million under budget, in part due to significant conservation efforts. Design consultants decided to renovate courtyard plaza and garage structures instead of demolishing them, using 95 percent of existing materials. Cobblestone blocks in the courtyard were "removed, cleaned, refurbished, and reinstalled", with "the foundation of the courtyards original fountain" being preserved and its pipes and pumps replaced. Further, only the concrete of "questionable integrity around the facilitys garage beams" was repaired, instead of having all the concrete replaced. For the plaza deck, the integrity of the concrete structure was tested. Some sections were found to be repairable, preventing them from being rebuilt and diverting 14,520 tons of waste from landfill. Finally, the original foundation and structure building was preserved, which saved 110 tons of waste material and decreased "the risk of penetrating a sensitive waterproofing membrane system." Additional costs were saved through "early buyout": "taking advantage of the purchasing power of the entire four-phase construction job", the construction management firm "was able to secure prices early on in the project that otherwise would have been spent covering the escalating costs of building materials." These measures allowed the GSA to carry out additional work: "restoration and repointing of the limestone exterior", repair and replacement of the roof, restoration of "ornate painting and plaster", further hazardous materials abatement, and fire code upgrades. Ultimately close to $1 million was returned to the GSA.</p><br>
<h4>Renaming</h4><br>
<p>In 2001, the Department of Justice Main Building was renamed the Robert F. Kennedy Department of Justice Building in honor of Robert F. Kennedy, who was Attorney General (1961–1964) under his brother, President John F. Kennedy, and his successor, President Lyndon Johnson. Kennedy was later a USA senator from New York and presidential candidate until his assassination in 1968. and gave the rededication address on November 20, 2001, Senator Kennedy&#39;s birthday. Attorney General John Ashcroft also rededicated it in a speech at the Justice Department.</p><br>
<p>The building retains its original facades, lobbies, corridors, library, Great Hall, executive suites, and private offices, including the extensive use of ornamental aluminum.</p><br>
<h2>Design</h2><br>
<p>The design by Zantzinger, Borie, and Medary blends influences from neoclassical (Greek Revival) and Art Deco architectural styles. The design is similar to other Federal Triangle buildings, with an Indiana limestone facade over a steel frame, red-tile hip roof, and colonnades, as well as interior courtyards to provide natural light and ventilation.</p><br>
<p>The inscription on one of the sides of the Robert F. Kennedy Department of Justice Building is, "Justice is founded in the rights bestowed by nature upon man. Liberty is maintained in security of justice."</p><br>
<p>It is distinguished from other Federal Triangle buildings by Art Deco elements and the innovative use of aluminum for details that were traditionally cast in bronze. the Atlas and Prometheus the aluminum windows for the United Nations Secretariat, Chase Manhattan Bank, and the Tripler Army Base Hospital was chosen for supplying the aluminum and bronze for the buildings design. All entrances to the building feature 20 ft-high aluminum doors that slide into recessed pockets. Interior stair railings, grillwork, and door trim are aluminum, as are Art Deco torchieres, doors for the buildings 25 elevators, and more than 10,000 light fixtures.</p><br>
<p>The building has many distinctive interior spaces, including the Great Hall entry foyer and the Law Library. The two-story Great Hall features Art Deco light fixtures and a terra-cotta tile floor with gray marble borders. The Law Library, located on the fifth floor, is a two-story room distinguished by a pair of tall Art Deco lights and a 20-panel mural by Maurice Sterne.</p><br>
<h2>Art</h2><br>
<p>The building contains the largest historic art collection of any General Services Administration–built facility. Sculpture is integrated into the fabric of the building. Sculptor C. Paul Jennewein was selected to create a unified design concept for the building&#39;s exterior and interior spaces, designing 57 sculptural elements for the building. His work ranged from the carved limestone figures for the pediments on the Constitution Avenue facade, to the aluminum Art Deco torchieres and light fixtures throughout the interior. To ensure the themes of the artwork reflected the role of the department within American democracy, Jennewein hired philosopher Hartley Burr Alexander.</p><br>
<p>The interior of the USA Department of Justice building contains many decorative wall paintings. The building&#39;s extensive murals depict scenes of daily life from throughout American history and symbolic interpretations or allegories relating to the role of justice in American society. In all, 68 murals were completed between 1935 and 1941, at a cost of $68,000, one percent of the cost of the building. Mural artists include George Biddle, Henry Varnum Poor, John Steuart Curry, Boardman Robinson, Emil Bisttram and Leon Kroll.</p><br>
<p>The striking, colorful concrete mosaics on the ceilings of the vehicular and pedestrian entryways from 9th and 10th Streets were created by the Washington, D.C. master craftsman John Joseph Earley, an innovator in the aesthetic applications of the material. Visible from the street, these mosaics retain much of the brilliance of their original colors. A sculpture of the Revolutionary War hero Nathan Hale by Bela Pratt stands on the southern side of the building.</p><br>
<h3>Spirit of Justice</h3><br>
<p>Spirit of Justice is a cast aluminum Art Deco statue designed by Jennewein. It depicts Lady Justice, a woman wearing a toga-like dress with one breast revealed and arms raised, and stands on display along with its male counterpart Majesty of Law in the Great Hall. Unlike many representations of Lady Justice, Spirit of Justice wears no blindfold to symbolize blind justice. The statue measures 12.5 feet (150 inches) and was commissioned in 1933 at a cost of $7000, and has stood with Majesty of Law in the Great Hall since 1936.</p><br>
<h4>Controversy</h4><br>
<p>In 1986, the statue was seen behind then-USA Attorney General Edwin Meese during a press conference as he discussed the final report of the Attorney General&#39;s Commission on Pornography, also known as the Meese Report. According to the Associated Press, "photographers dived to the floor to capture the image of him raising the report in the air, with the partially nude female statue behind him".</p><br>
<p>In 2002, under Attorney General John Ashcroft, curtains were famously put up blocking the bare-breasted statue from view during speeches.</p><br>
<p>Internal e-mails later surfaced, referring to "hiding the statues" and "the episode was quickly seized upon by pundits and satirists as a symbol of Ashcrofts allegedly puritanical and censorious bearing." The curtains were removed on June 24, 2005, under Ashcrofts successor Alberto Gonzales. Justice Department spokesman Kevin Madden was quoted as saying that "the decision to remove the drapes was made by Paul Corts, assistant attorney general for administration, and that Attorney General Alberto R. Gonzales &#39;agreed with the recommendation."</p><br>
<p>The Church of the Epiphany, built in 1844,Washington City August 15, 1843 The Sun ; Aug 16, 1843; ProQuest Historical Newspapers The Baltimore Sun </p><br>
<p>pg. 4 is an historic Episcopal church located at 1317 G Street, N.W., in Washington, D.C. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places on September 10, 1971.</p><br>
<p>The parish had been organized in 1842, and the new building consecrated in 1852. During the next five years, a tower, transepts and chancel were added. In 1858, the congregation established the Epiphany Church home to help the poor and sick. The American Civil War split the congregation. As Senator, Jefferson Davis had rented pew no. 14, and three of his children were confirmed at the church. After secession, when Davis moved to Richmond, Virginia and became the Confederacy&#39;s president, that pew was rented by Secretary of War Edwin Stanton. On March 6, 1862, President Abraham Lincoln attended the funeral of General Frederick Lander at this church, which also served as a hospital between May and December of that year.</p><br>
<h2>National Register listing</h2><br>
<p>Church of the Epiphany ** (added 1971 - Building - #71000996)</p><br>
<p>1317 G St., NW., Washington</p><br>
<p>Historic Significance: Event, Architecture/Engineering</p><br>
<p>Architect, builder, or engineer: Harkness, John W.</p><br>
<p>Architectural Style: Gothic Revival</p><br>
<p>Area of Significance: Religion, Architecture</p><br>
<p>Period of Significance: 1825–1849, 1850–1874</p><br>
<p>Owner: Private</p><br>
<p>Historic Function: Religion</p><br>
<p>Historic Sub-function: Religious Structure</p><br>
<p>Current Function: Religion</p><br>
<p>Current Sub-function: Religious Structure</p><br>
<p>The former Second Church of Christ, Scientist, located at 655 Cedar Avenue, in Long Beach, California, is an historic structure that on April 1, 2005, was added to the National Register of Historic Places. It is now the Second Samoan Church.</p><br>
<p>On December 11, 2023 a fire cause extensive damaged to the building. As of December 12, the complex is closed to the public as Church Staff and Authorities deal with the aftermath and proceeding investigations.</p><br>
<h2>National register listing</h2><br>
<p>*Second Church of Christ Scientist (added 2005 - Building - #05000212)</p><br>
<p>*Also known as Second Samoan Congregational Church</p><br>
<p>*655 Cedar Ave., Long Beach</p><br>
<p>*Historic Significance: Architecture/Engineering</p><br>
<p>*Architect, builder, or engineer: Shields, Fisher and Lake</p><br>
<p>*Architectural Style: Classical Revival</p><br>
<p>*Area of Significance: Architecture</p><br>
<p>*Period of Significance: 1900-1924</p><br>
<p>*Owner: Private</p><br>
<p>*Historic Function: Education</p><br>
<p>*Historic Sub-function: School</p><br>
<p>*Current Function: Education</p><br>
<p>*Current Sub-function: School</p><br>
<p>Second Church of Christ, Scientist is a historic former Christian Science church building located at 948 West Adams Boulevard. It is located in the North University Park neighborhood in the West Adams district of Los Angeles, California. It is now the Art of Living Center Los Angeles.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Designed by noted Los Angeles architect Alfred H. Rosenheim in the Classical Revival style of architecture, it was built in 1910.</p><br>
<p>On July 17, 1968, the City of Los Angeles designated the building a Los Angeles Historic-Cultural Monument.</p><br>
<p>The church was used as the courthouse in the crime drama Matlock and as a location for other film and TV projects.</p><br>
<h2>The Art of Living Foundation</h2><br>
<p>In late 2009, the Church property was sold to the non-profit Art of Living Foundation. It was restored and is used as a community center, speaking and music venue, and is a center for the Foundation&#39;s service work and breathing, meditation, and other programs. While the Art of Living Foundation has been active in Southern California since the late 1980s, it officially opened in this location on April 14, 2010.</p><br>
<h2>National register listing</h2><br>
<p>Second Church of Christ, Scientist (added 1987 - Building - #87000576)</p><br>
<p>946 W. Adams Blvd., Los Angeles</p><br>
<p>Historic Significance: Event, Architecture/Engineering</p><br>
<p>Architect, builder, or engineer: Albert C. Martin, Sr., Alfred Rosenheim</p><br>
<p>Architectural Style: Classical Revival</p><br>
<p>Area of Significance: Architecture, Religion</p><br>
<p>Period of Significance: 1900-1924</p><br>
<p>Owner: Private</p><br>
<p>Historic Function: Religion</p><br>
<p>Historic Sub-function: Religious Structure</p><br>
<p>Current Function: Non-profit educational and humanitarian</p><br>
<p>Current Sub-function: Community service, personal development, trauma relief—501(c)(3)</p><br>
<p>Other placesGrand Army of the Republic Hall </p><br>
<p>The Grand Army of the Republic Hall, also known as Booth Post No. 130, is an historic Carpenter Gothic building in Grand Meadow, Minnesota, United States. The hall was built in 1891 and on June 13, 1986, it was added to the National Register of Historic Places. It was nominated for being a rare surviving example of an inexpensive pattern clubhouse and one of Minnesota&#39;s only two remaining Grand Army of the Republic halls.</p><br>
<p>The hall was the meeting place of the Booth Post No. 130, which was one of 192 Grand Army of the Republic (G.A.R.) posts in Minnesota. The hall is now vacant.</p><br>
<p>The Grand Army of the Republic Memorial Hall, also known as William Baumer Post No. 24, Grand Army of the Republic , and the Civil War Veterans Museum, is a historic building located at 908  1st Corso in Nebraska City, Nebraska, in the United States. The hall was built in 1894&ndash;95. In 1994, it was added to the USA National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Richardsonian Romanesque Grand Army of the Republic Memorial Hall was designed and built in 1894&ndash;95 by architects Fisher & Lawrie, and was the meeting place of the William Baumer Post No. 24, one of 354 GAR posts in Nebraska. The hall has been restored and is now the Civil War Veterans Museum at the GAR Memorial Hall.</p><br>
<p>The Immaculate Conception Church and School are located at 2708 South 24th Street in the South Omaha area of Omaha, Nebraska, United States. The 1926 church and its former school building, built in 1912, were added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1998. Both buildings were designed by Omaha architect Jacob M. Nachtigall.</p><br>
<h2>Church history</h2><br>
<p>Immaculate Conception Parish is part of the Archdiocese of Omaha. The parish was founded in 1898 and incorporated in 1900. Traditionally the home congregation for many Polish Catholics in Omaha, the present church was built in 1926 and dedicated on July 31, 1927. In August, 2007, Archbishop Elden Curtiss entrusted the care of the parish to the Priestly Fraternity of St. Peter to provide the Mass and sacraments in the traditional rites of the Catholic Church to any who so desired them. The first Traditional Latin Mass in over 40 years was offered on Sunday, August 26, 2007. A personal parish dedicated to the Traditional Latin Mass as encouraged by Pope Benedict XVI in his 2007 Motu Proprio Summorum Pontificum on the Latin Mass.</p><br>
<h2>Other buildings on the property</h2><br>
<p>Immaculate Conception School is located next door at 2716 South 24th Street in South Omaha, Nebraska. The school was sold by the church to private property management firm Guardian Real Estate in the mid-1990s and is now a low-income apartment building.</p><br>
<p>Still owned by the parish is the I.C.C. Recreation Center, built in 1954 and located west of the Church. The center houses a wood-floor gymnasium with stage and kitchen (serving as the parish hall), a rentable party room and the I.C.C. Bowlatorium, one of the last church-owned and operated bowling alleys left in the USA The Bowlatorium is open for party rentals.</p><br>
<p>GoggleWorks Center for the Arts is a community art and cultural resource center located in Reading, Pennsylvania. The mission of the GoggleWorks is “to transform lives through unique interactions with art.”</p><br>
<p>Located in the former Willson Goggle Factory building, GoggleWorks Center for the Arts features eight teaching studios in ceramics, hot and warm glass, metalsmithing, photography, printmaking, woodworking and virtual reality; 35 juried artist studios; and headquarters of over 40 cultural organizations. GoggleWorks also includes several exhibition galleries, a 130-seat film theatre, a bar/restaurant, and store featuring handcrafted works by over 200 artists working within the building and beyond. Admission (excluding special events) and parking are always free.</p><br>
<p>The building was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2006.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In 2005, the concept of the GoggleWorks was the brainchild of Albert Boscov, Marlin Miller, and Irv Cohen. It opened its doors on September 18, 2005. In the October/November 2006 issue, American Crafts comments:</p><br>
<p>"Combining Boscov’s flair for promotion (he was chairman of the Boscov’s department store chain) with Miller’s longtime involvement in the craft world as a collector and advocate (he’s currently board chair of the Haystack Mountain School of Crafts), they envisioned a broad-based arts center built around artists’ studios... he city got behind the idea, as did the state, which gave three million dollars in initial funding."</p><br>
<p>At 145,000 sq feet the GoggleWorks campus comprises the country&#39;s largest interactive visual art center. The complex also includes a 131-seat theatre, which presents art house films daily, a café, and store, which retails the work of over 200 individual artists from around the country.</p><br>
<p>Past executives include Diane Labelle and Phil Walz. Levi Landis, previously the executive director of the Philadelphia Folk Festival, was hired in 2016. Landis aggressively sought new funding and the Board undertook a strategic plan to reinvent program operations, launch new studios, and focus on long-term sustainability, which eventually led to the first annual financial surplus for GoggleWorks. In 2022, the nonprofit announced it has raised an endowment of $12m to sustain the operation.</p><br>
<p>GoggleWorks leaders have led an effort to expand its campus and vision, including an outdoor Art Park that debuted its first exhibit phase in October 2024 and “GoggleWorks 2”, a partnership with Our City Reading that will redevelop the last factory building on its campus into expanded art classrooms and studios, artist housing, and a culinary teaching kitchen led by Helping Harvest, the regional food bank.</p><br>
<h2>Programs</h2><br>
<p>GoggleWorks, which is open from 9am to 9pm daily, offers rotating exhibitions and courses each semester in its studios along with other programs such as private workshops, Handcrafted Home, You Create We Make, Student Ambassador Fellowship, studio rentals, After School Arts Program (ASAP), scholarships, and continuing education for universities. New programs include the A.R.T. program for disabled artists and a new restaurant.</p><br>
<h2>Willson Goggle Factory</h2><br>
<p>Founded by Gile J. Willson and his son Dr. Thomas A. Willson in 1871, Thomas A. Willson & Co. opened the first factory in the world to manufacture optical glass for lenses and reading glasses. Located at the corner of Washington and 2nd streets in Reading, Pennsylvania, the company became known for its innovative strides in addressing the occupational hazards faced by factory workers and is credited with launching the safety protection industry. Their first innovation was a protective lens that blocked dangerous and blinding rays produced by metal processing equipment. During the 1890s the company expanded the reach of the safety industry addressing hearing, respiratory and head protection equipment.</p><br>
<p>The National Safety Council was created in 1913, and T.A. Willson & Co. Inc. helped to set the uniform safety standards in industry. Through the 1920s, they expanded their line of safety equipment to the protection of coal miners, military personnel, and aviation. In 1929 the company became Willson Goggles, Inc., and by World War II, Willson Goggles was contributing to the war effort by making aviator goggles and high altitude oxygen masks for pilots in the military. In 1926, the company again changed its name to reflect an expanding product line. Willson Products, Inc. began to produce fashionable sunglasses, Willsonites, as modeled by the contestants of the 1938 Miss America pageant, and swim goggles, as worn by Florence Chadwick, who in 1950 was the first woman to swim both directions of the English Channel.</p><br>
<p>The company changed hands in 1956, but maintained the Willson products name through the atomic age and space age, still leading the safety industry in research and development of equipment to meet the needs of a technologically advancing society.</p><br>
<p>In the 1980s, Willson shifted its focus to the development of new varieties of respirators, gloves and other protective equipment. In 1989, Dalloz bought Willson products, and changed the company name to Dalloz Safety in 1997. Dalloz closed the plant in May 2002.</p><br>
<p>Rosedown Plantation State Historic Site is an 8,000 ft&sup2; historic home and former plantation located in St. Francisville, Louisiana, United States. Built in 1835 by Daniel and Martha Turnbull, it is one of the most documented and intact plantation complexes in the Southern United States. It is known for its extensive formal gardens surrounding the house.</p><br>
<h2>House and grounds</h2><br>
<h3>Architecture</h3><br>
<p>Sited on the highest point of the plantation at the edge of a bluff on Alexander Creek, Daniel Turnbull contracted with carpenter Wendell Wright to construct a house in the transitional Federal-Greek Revival&ndash; style designed by an unknown architect. Built of cypress and cedar milled primarily onsite, the westward facing five bay, two-story house features a two-story gallery with smooth Doric columns and a bulbous vase like balustrade, matching fluted pilasters and a Doric entablature. At the center of the house, both upstairs and down, is a Federal-style elliptical arch doorway with six horizontal panels, distinguished by boldly formed fluting, a layered entablature, a keystone, and leaded patterns superimposed on the glass. The fanlight features a series of loops in a radial design, while the side lights feature ovals and roundels. T.S. Williams added one-story brick side wings to the north and south of the building in 1845, with Greek-style end porticoes.</p><br>
<p>The south elevation has a three-column Doric portico spanning its width, while the north wing, though larger of the two, has only a two-column portico. The columns at the end of both wings are fluted while the pilasters are smooth, and the Doric entablature and eave treatment match the main block. Each wing is topped by a balustrade with balusters similar in shape to those on the gallery, while the main block&#39;s side elevations feature a wooden fan design in the gable peaks. The eastern-facing rear elevation has a small room on each side of a porch set under a shed roof.</p><br>
<h3>Interiors</h3><br>
<p>Rosedowns floorplan is in the French or Early Louisiana design in contrast to the American scheme of a hall through the center of the house. The plan has a main entrance hall, decorated with block-printed wallpaper by Joseph Dufour et Cie of Paris, with an elliptical mahogany staircase to the second floor, a parlor to the right, music room to the left, and an office, butlers pantry and dining room in the rear that features a punkah. Upstairs are the family bedrooms. The north wing houses a guest bedroom with an en-suite bathroom that features an early form of a shower supplied with water from a cistern on the roof. The bedroom was built to house a suite of furniture that was originally to have been installed in the Lincoln Bedroom at the White House for the presidency of Henry Clay. Clay lost the election in 1844, and Daniel Turnbull, a Clay supporter, purchased the 13-foot-tall rosewood Gothic Revival bed. The bed was found in the room for over 150 years until the last private owner of Rosedown sold it to the Dallas Museum of Art for $450,000. The south wing houses a library that Turnbull utilized as an office for his oversight of the plantation. The home was furnished with imported goods from Philadelphia, New Orleans, and Europe. Most of the furnishings remained with the house during the years after the American Civil War, and a large percentage of original pieces are still displayed at Rosedown, including a tapestry stitched by Martha Washington.</p><br>
<h3>Grounds</h3><br>
<p>The grounds of Rosedown are currently composed of 371 acre with the focal point being the 18 acre of ornamental gardens that were inspired by the great formal gardens of France, Italy, and England that were visited by the Turnbulls on their European Grand Tour. One of the few privately maintained formal gardens in the United States, they were overseen by amateur horticulturalist Martha Turnbull, who kept a detailed garden diary during her 60-year tenure at Rosedown. The gardens began before the house&#39;s construction, and in 1836, there are records showing the purchase of camellias, azaleas, and other plants from William Prince & Sons in New York.</p><br>
<p>The landscaped gardens are accessed through a Greek-Revival wooden gate at the head of a 660 ft oak allée or tree avenue that terminates at a large oval forecourt with a diamond yaupon holly parterre flanked by two water oaks in front of the house. The unique length of the allée reflected a 19th-century land survey technique when the property was measured with 66-foot long chains, meaning that the allée is ten chains long.</p><br>
<p>Eight white marble Italian sculptures on brick pedestals accent the allée. However, these are not original to the landscape. The previous owner removed the twelve statues that the Turnbulls purchased in Italy in 1851, and the eight now found are close approximations of the originals. Flanking the allée are both Baroque gardens with formal geometrical landscaping, as well as English style gardens with meandering paths that include now rare varieties of plants.</p><br>
<p>The sunniest and most open area of the gardens is what is referred to as the Flower Garden, located to the southwest of the house. Planted with several varieties of roses, the layout combines rectangular forms with irregular, curved paths and ornamented with one of three latticed gazebos with onion-domed roofs found on the property. Nearby is an underground hothouse (heated greenhouse) and brick tool shed that had at one time been connected to a greenhouse which is no longer extant. The other two gazebos center the extensive gardens on each side of the allée and are placed directly opposite each other to imply a cross-axis. The gardens were restored in 1956 by landscape architect Ralph Ellis Gunn, whose sensitive renovations included adding a reservoir to the southeast of the house and fountains to complement the existing gardens.</p><br>
<p>Near the main house are several ancillary buildings, including a Greek temple-style doctors office, privy, milk-house, wood shed, and barn. Originally Rosedown had two wings that attached to the rear of the house. The north wing housed the kitchen that was moved up and attached to the house at an unknown date, while the south wing was added in 1859 to accommodate the Turnbulls once they turned the house over to their daughter Sarah and her family. During the restoration in 1956, the kitchen wing was removed and reconstructed near the house, while the south wing, now known as "Miss Ninas wing", was moved a few yards to the southeast to overlook the reservoir.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>19th-century</h3><br>
<p>When Rosedown was constructed, society in and around St. Francisville was dominated by European, primarily British, settlers who became cotton planters on an enormous scale. Most of the 19th-century cotton barons in the area had requested and received their lands through the Spanish government, the titles to which remained valid after the establishment of the United States government. The parents of Martha Barrow Turnbull, who owned the land that later became Rosedown, achieved high social status in West Feliciana through their immense cotton operations, and Daniel Turnbull himself was known before the American Civil War as one of the wealthiest men in the nation.</p><br>
<p>Rosedown, named for a play that the Turnbulls saw on their honeymoon, was not assembled via Spanish land grants but in a group of seven purchases made by Daniel Turnbull from the 1820s through the 1840s. At its largest, Rosedown comprised approximately 3,455 acres, mostly planted in cotton. Daniel and Martha began construction on the main house at Rosedown in November 1834, completing it six months later in May 1835, for a total cost of $13,109.20. The labor of enslaved people to construct and upkeep the plantation accrued immense wealth to Daniel Turnbull. During peak years of cotton production, Daniel enslaved 444 people, with around 250 working just at Rosedown.</p><br>
<p>The couple had three children, William, Sarah, and James Daniel. James Daniel died of yellow fever in 1843 at 7. William married Caroline Butler and had two children, William and Daniel. In 1856, William drowned in a boating accident while crossing "Old River" at 27. That left their daughter Sarah, who had married James Pirrie Bowman from nearby Oakley Plantation, to inherit the plantation. The Bowmans moved into Rosedown and had ten children, eight girls, and two boys. Martha and Daniel Turnbull retired to a wing in the back of the house in 1859 to accommodate Bowman&#39;s growing family.</p><br>
<p>Daniel died in 1861, the same year Louisiana joined the Confederacy and declared war against the United States. The war ravaged Rosedown and two other Turnbull plantations. Martha Turnbull managed Rosedown after the war. No longer able to operate on the free labor of enslaved people, the family relied on the labor of 250 sharecroppers.</p><br>
<h3>20th-century</h3><br>
<p>Martha Turnbull died in September 1896, leaving Sarah in sole possession of Rosedown. After Sarah died in 1914, Sarah&#39;s four unmarried daughters, Corrie, Isabel, Sarah, and Nina, took over the plantation. In the 1920s, they opened the house to tourists interested in the remnants of the prosperous cotton culture. The sisters sacrificed to hold Rosedown, and when Nina, the last surviving sister, died in 1955, no bills or mortgages were outstanding on the property; they still had 3,000 acres of land and the house with all its furnishings. The family was Episcopalian and are interred at the Grace Church Cemetery in St. Francisville.</p><br>
<p>After Nina&#39;s death, Rosedown passed to her nieces and nephews, who sold the plantation in 1956, to oil heiress Catherine Fondren Underwood, an enthusiastic amateur horticulturalist, and her husband, Milton Underwood. The Underwoods began an eight-year, $10-million restoration to restore the house and formal gardens to their former grandeur while the plantation functioned as a working cattle farm. The house was opened to the public in 1964.</p><br>
<h3>21st-century</h3><br>
<p>Rosedown Plantation was purchased in 2000 by the Louisiana Office of State Parks as a state historic site to illustrate plantation life in the 1800s. The plantation was declared a National Historic Landmark in 2005.</p><br>
<h2>Cultural references</h2><br>
<p>In South and West: From a Notebook, Joan Didion writes that Ben Toledano&#39;s wife suggested she visit the Rosedown Plantation as well as the Asphodel Plantation, the Oakley Plantation and Stanton Hall to better understand the culture of the Southern United States.</p><br>
<p>The Edwards–Franklin House is a plantation house in the Southern United States located in Franklin Township, Surry County, North Carolina. It was built in 1799 by Gideon Edwards and was later occupied by congressional representative Meshack Franklin, brother of North Carolina governor Jesse Franklin . The house was restored by the Surry County Historical Society in 1973 and is open to visitors.</p><br>
<p>It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1973.</p><br>
<p>The 7th Street Theatre is a theatre in downtown Hoquiam, Washington. It is one of the few remaining examples of an atmospheric theatre in the United States. The not-for-profit 7th Street Theatre Association runs the theatre and coordinates a series of live shows, second-run feature films. The group aims to restore the Theatre as close to original as possible.</p><br>
<p>The theatre was built in 1928 by Olaf T. Taylor, and was designed by Edwin St. John Griffith as a Spanish atmospheric theatre. There are murals on the ceiling in the lobby, along with a fountain. The fountain is not currently in use. Additionally, the auditorium features twinkling lights in the ceiling, and a recently installed sound system. The rigging was replaced in 2008. The seats were restored by McNeil Island Correctional Institute. The ceiling was repaired in 2009. As of 2018, the current board is raising funds to repair the back wall.</p><br>
<p>On March 20, 2008, volunteer staff unloaded a truck delivering the Theatres original organ. By 1944 theatre organs had fallen out of fashion, and the organ was sold to Parklands Trinity Lutheran Church by Balcom & Vaughan. Records indicate that three additional ranks were added at this time bringing the instrument up to a 2/7 (minus the toy counter and percussions). In 1960, the instrument was purchased by George Martin of Tacoma. Mr. Martin studied organ with Martha Green and Arnold Leverenz in the Seattle/Tacoma area between 1951 and 1953. He eventually moved the organ to his home in Clute, TX. It was purchased by a donation primarily from Tom Quigg and Pat Oleachea, and moved by truck back to the 7th Street Theatre. Estimates put the organ installation as complete as early as 2012, at a cost of approximately $12,000.</p><br>
<p>The 7th Street was placed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1987. The 7th Street Theatre was the first building in Hoquiam on the city&#39;s historic register in 2008.</p><br>
<p>The William Alfred Moore House is a historic home located at Mount Airy, Surry County, North Carolina. It was built between 1861 and 1863, and is the earliest known structure still standing in Mount Airy. The house is known for its Italianate and Gothic Revival exterior details and Greek Revival interior. In the front yard stands a rare hexagonal gazebo  made of wood poles and intervening laurel root walls. The Moore house is owned by the Mount Airy Restoration Foundation.</p><br>
<p>It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1986.</p><br>
